Cotract Law

Contract law A contract is an agreement between two or more parties, with the intention of creating a legal obligation, which may have elements in writing. And it can be made orally. This agreement creates a legal relationship of rights and duties on the parties and if these obligations in the agreement are not fulfilled then serious action could be taken by the courts on the party. There are three key elements for the conception of a contract. These are offer, acceptance, consideration and an intention to create legal relations.Generally the parties to a written contract comprehend that they have entered into a binding agreement, but they do not always grasp this point when making an oral or implied contract. It is always difficult to prove the terms of an oral or implied contract than those of a written one. Elements of a contract An offer: an expression of willingness to contract on a specific set of terms, made by the offer or with the intention that, if the offer is accepted, he or she will be bound by a contract. Acceptance: an expression of absolute and unconditional agreement to all the terms set out in the offer.It can be oral or in writing. The acceptance must exactly mirror the original offer made. Consideration: each party to the contract must receive something of value. But it is not necessary that it should be specified in the contract. An agreement made without consideration is void. Persons competent to contract All persons are legally authorized to enter into a contract except for the following: †¢ Minors †¢ Mentally incompetent persons. †¢ Person who is ineligible from entering into the contract by law.

Prohibition: The So-Called war on drugs Essay

†¢ Nick Possum: In the thrall of the monster drug barons It is also obvious that so much of the government propaganda regarding those fine sacred herbs Cannabis indica and Cannabis sativa is just bullshit. †¢ Alcohol worse than ecstasy on shock new drug list The position of ecstasy near the bottom of the list was defended by Prof Nutt, who said that apart from some tragic isolated cases ecstasy is relatively safe. Despite about a third of young people having tried the drug and around half a million users every weekend, it causes fewer than 10 deaths a year. One person a day is killed by acute alcohol poisoning and thousands more from chronic use. †¢ Marijuana Delivery Services Flourish In NYC †¢ Scientific American: Large Study Finds No Link between Marijuana and Lung Cancer †¢ Nathan Guttman: Israelis at center of ecstasy drug trade †¢ Law Enforcement Against Prohibition After nearly four decades of fueling the U. S. policy of a war on drugs with over half-a-trillion tax dollars and increasingly punitive policies, our confined population has quadrupled over a 20 years period making building prisons this nation’s fastest growing industry. More than 2. 2 million of our citizens are currently incarcerated and every year we arrest an additional 1. 6 million for nonviolent drug offenses — more per capita than any country in the world. The United States has 4. 6 percent of the population of the world but 22. 5 percent of the world’s prisoners. Every year we choose to continue this war will cost U. S. taxpayers another 69 billion dollars. Despite all the lives we have destroyed and all the money so ill spent, today illicit drugs are cheaper, more potent, and far easier to get than they were 35 years ago at the beginning of the war on drugs. Meanwhile, people continue dying in our streets while drug barons and terrorists continue to grow richer than ever before. We would suggest that this scenario must be the very definition of a failed public policy. This madness must cease! †¢ Inquiry into drug trial that became a nightmare †¢ Sheryl Jackson-Sczbecki: Marijuana — Through The Haze †¢ Peter Dale Scott: o The Global Drug Meta-Group: Drugs, Managed Violence, and the Russian 9/11 o A Ballad of Drugs and 9/11 †¢ 15 Ways the Auto Industry Would Change if it Operated Like Drug Companies. Just say No to drugs — from Pfizer, Merck, Roche and the other major drug pushers. †¢ Marcia Angell, M. D: The Truth About the Drug Companies In 2002 †¦ the combined profits for the ten drug companies in the Fortune 500 ($35. 9 billion) were more than the profits for all the other 490 businesses put together ($33. 7 billion). †¢ Chris Largen’s satirical novel JUNK is â€Å"a riotous exploration of prohibition. † †¢ The Narco News Bulletin †¢ Oscar Heck: Chavez Frias not losing much sleep over the USA’s intent to â€Å"punish† Venezuela (Also here.) I believe that the DEA and other US-based organizations such as USAID, the American Center for International Labor Solidarity, the Center for International Private Enterprise, the International Republican Institute and the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs are fronts for the CIA †¦ and that a part of the CIA’s job is to assure that 1) drug exports to the USA are not halted 2) that this drug trade is controlled by the US government. †¢ 2005-07-31: Oregon Anti-Meth Bill Aimed at Cold Meds. The Senate on Saturday approved a plan to make Oregon the first state in the nation to require a prescription for many cold and allergy medicines, an attempt by lawmakers to shut down methamphetamine labs. †¦ The legislation would require prescriptions by mid-2006 for medicines containing pseudoephedrine and two similar substances, which are used in such popular medicines as Sudafed, Claritin and Theraflu. †¢ Jeanne Lenzer and Nicholas Pyke: Woman Commits Suicide While Testing New Antidepressant. Was Traci Johnson Driven To Suicide By Antidepressants? That’s A Trade Secret, Say US Officials †¢ Jennifer Moody, Albany Democrat-Herald, 2005-06-21: Retired DEA agent will run for sheriff Carl F. Worden, Liaison Officer for the Southern Oregon Militia comments: Please get this out to anyone you know in Linn County Oregon: You’ve got a guy running for Sheriff in Linn County by the name of Michael Spasaro, a former DEA Agent. Don’t vote for this guy unless you want a Sheriff who has no use for the Constitution or the Bill of Rights. I know of this guy, and I know some of the federal drug cases he worked on. He is NOT a guy you want as Sheriff. The Sheriff of a county is the only constitutionally elected official who has the power to curtail illegal federal actions in a given county. With his record, you can throw the Constitution right out the door if he becomes your Sheriff. †¢ 2005-06-23: Federal agents fan out to bust medicinal marijuana providers †¢ America’s War on Cannabis: PostModern Witch Burning †¢ You’ve Been Drafted: Uncle Sam Wants You for the War on Drugs. According to US Congressman Sensenbrenner’s draconian mandatory minimum sentencing bill: If you â€Å"witness† certain drug offenses taking place or â€Å"learn† that they took place you would have to report the offense to law enforcement within 24 hours and provide â€Å"full assistance† in the investigation, apprehension, and prosecution of the people involved. Failure to do so would be a crime punishable by a mandatory two year prison sentence. †¢ 2005-05-27: Bali court sentences Corby to 20 years in jail Prosecutors had demanded life in jail for Corby, who has argued the 4. 1 kg (9 lb) of drugs found by Bali airport officials in her unlocked bag last year were planted. †¢ Sydney Morning Herald, 2005-05-15: PM has left [Schapelle] Corby out to dry: Democrats [Registration required. ] Party leader Lyn Allison said the Government’s letter outlining drug-trafficking allegations among Australian airport baggage handlers should have been sent much earlier. †¢ Nate Blakeslee: The People Left Behind: Elaine Bartlett & Life on the Outside †¢ The Schaffer Library of Drug Policy. Major studies of drugs and drug policy, information on the â€Å"War on Drugs†, charts and graphs of Drug War statistics, US government publications related to drug policy, historical research on drugs and drug policy, the drug legalization debate, and much more. †¢ 2005-04-20: MS Victims to Get Cannabis Drug in Canada A cannabis-based medicine formulated by a UK company to help sufferers of multiple sclerosis has been approved for use for the first time — in Canada. †¢ BBC, 2005-04-18: US church’s illegal tea faces ban The Supreme Court is to consider whether a US branch of a Brazilian religion can import an hallucinogenic tea used as a sacrament. †¢ Kerre Woodham, 2005-04-17: Stakes high in Corby saga You can’t help but feel sympathy for Schapelle Corby, the 27-year-old Australian woman at the centre of a drugs trial in Bali. Surely she cannot have been so stupid as to try to smuggle 4kg of marijuana into Bali, where it would sell for less than it does on the streets of Australia. †¢ R. William Davis: The Elkhorn Manifesto †¦ Marijuana Prohibition was created in 1937, not to protect society from the â€Å"evils of the drug Marijuana,† as the Federal government claimed, but as an act of deliberate economic and industrial sabotage against the re-emerging Industrial Hemp Industry. †¢ Peter Dale Scott: A Post-Election Wrap-Up: Iraq, 9/11, Drugs, Cheney, and Watergate Two †¢ Four Alberta RCMP officers killed during raid Four RCMP officers were shot and killed after conducting a raid on a marijuana grow operation northwest of Edmonton on Thursday [2005-03-03]. †¢ David Adam, The Guardian, UK: Ecstasy trials for combat stress American soldiers traumatised by fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan are to be offered the drug ecstasy to help free them of flashbacks and recurring nightmares. †¦ Several studies in the US are planned or are under way to investigate whether MDMA, LSD and psilocybin, the active ingredient in magic mushrooms, can treat conditions ranging from obsessive compulsive disorder to anxiety in terminal cancer patients. †¢ Court allows drug-sniffing dogs during traffic stops The Supreme Court yesterday expanded police power to conduct searches, ruling that an officer who stops a motorist for a routine traffic violation can use a drug-sniffing dog to detect narcotics in the vehicle, even if the officer had no reason to suspect the car would contain drugs. The decision, in an Illinois case, gives law enforcement the authority to use drug-detecting dogs in the course of any minor traffic stop. †¢ J. Orlin Grabbe: The Function of the Drug War The function of the Drug War is to create the Drug Crisis. The Drug Crisis involves billions of dollars in hidden cash flow. Addicted to this flow of money are law enforcement agencies, drug producers and distributors, covert agencies who use it as a source of black funding, and politicians and bankers who are hired to protect the drug revenues. Addiction to drug revenues requires that the drug war be fought so as to be lost. Failure thus becomes the criterion of success. †¢ UK Guardian, 2004-10-13: MPs back legalisation ‘road map’ MPs, peers and former police officers are to back the publication today of the first ever report outlining a â€Å"detailed road map† to the legalisation of drugs in Britain. †¦ Transform’s director, Danny Kushlick, predicted that drugs would be legalised in the not-too-distant future because prohibition had been a catastrophe of startling proportions †¦ †¢ Pot Blocks Cancer-causing Herpes. Ingredient responsible for marijuana’s high could be the basis for new antiviral drugs †¢ Huge Ecstasy Bust Do Israelis control most of the world trade in MDMA? †¢ A Brief History of the Regulation of Controlled Drugs in Britain — Chapter 3 of the Fourth Report of the Shipman Enquiry (2001-2004). †¢ Colin Brown: Opium trade booms in ‘basket-case’ Afghanistan [This] will prove highly embarrassing for Tony Blair, who cited cutting the supply of heroin as one of the main reasons for the invasion of Afghanistan in October 2001 †¦ †¢ Doctors’ strike in Israel good for health. According to the American Medical Association, adverse reactions to prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceuticals are a leading cause of death and injury in the United States. †¦ As of this writing, there is a doctors strike in Israel. The death rate has fallen so sharply during the strike that the Israeli funeral parlors and burial associations are complaining. †¢ Glen Yeadon: Ambassador of Death, Right-Wing Death Squads, Drug Smuggling: George Bush’s Plan for Iraq †¢ Christopher Largen: A History of Medical Marijuana †¢ ‘DRUG’ OR SACRAMENT? YOUR RIGHT TO DECIDE About the 1999 police raid on the Dutch Santo Daime Church. †¢ Drug report barred by FDA — Scientist links antidepressants to suicide in kids It seems that the â€Å"war on drugs† does not apply to drugs which are making millions for the pharmaceutical companies. †¢ Xymphora: More on George and Drugs †¢ Cannabis online: click now and it’s with you in 24 hours On Thursday [2004-01-29] British drug law underwent its most radical shakeup for decades when cannabis was downgraded to class C. Although simple possession is unlikely to lead to prosecution in most cases, the drug remains illegal and dealing or possession with intent to supply will carry a maximum 14-year prison sentence. But a Guardian investigation has established that at least five large-scale online cannabis vendors are operating in this country, in competition with more established Dutch sites. As a result, the drug has never been so easy to buy online. A copy of (almost) the entire Serendipity website is available on CD-ROM. Details here. Prohibition: The So-Called War on Drugs Page One Page Three A Drug War Reading List Civil Asset Forfeiture Serendipity Home Page http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/17/AR2007081701716. html.

An Analysis of Letter from a Birmingham Jail

A letter from Birmingham Prison was written by Dr. Martin Luther King in April 1963. As the title says, he is sitting in a prison in Birmingham, Alabama. King was sentenced for isolation in public places such as lunch counters and public toilets and sentenced for involvement in peaceful protest action (Berkley, 2003). When he was sentenced to prison, Mr. Kim protested against the White Ministers who believed that this was wise and obsolete demo guided by outsider guidance as partial demonstration. read. . The rhetorical analysis of Letters from Birmingham Prison, Letters from Birmingham Prison (Martin Luther King) is a letter to the king who wrote a letter to Priest in response to his recent criticisms. At that time I was leading Birmingham. This letter was written in April 1963. At that time, isolation was basically the peak in the south. In particular, Birmingham was said by the king probably the most isolated city in America ​​(King 7). Kim continues to inform the pr iests about reality, and waiting is no longer an option. In that letter, Kim uses various rhetoric methods. Dr. Martin Luther King, who rhetorically analyzed the letter from Birmingham Prison in Letters from Birmingham Prison said eight articles of clergy explaining Birmingham's racial injustice and money issues I answered. The reason for the organization is to protest against civil rights. He introduced himself and his behavior at the beginning of the letter. He stated that his direct action protest action was aimed at opening the door to the letter from Birmingham Prison. The letter explains the controversy that occurred when the clergy criticized Luther as it entered Birmingham. Luther King Jr wrote a letter to clergy, suggesting that racial discrimination is managed by a legal administrator and is not hindered by King and his team, outsiders. This letter was published by the American educational program

Professional Development Activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Professional Development Activity - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that this year, for the first time, the hairdressing department would like to attempt the use of flexible delivery of the Certificate II in hairdressing to school students who may have the intention of accomplishing their course within a year instead of the usual administrative two years which has been the norm within the previous years. This previous method meant that the students who might have begun the course within their final year of the school may be disadvantaged since they might only be able to finish half of the units hence may only receive an attainment statement to cover the units which were successfully completed. This then would imply that the students would have to resume post-school in order to finish the remaining units before they could be considered qualified. To deliver the qualifications within one calendar year yet still adhering to Board of Studies and school, requirements demand that the course should be partially be delivered within the school holidays. Because of a learning management system’s flexible nature, students would be able to accomplish part of their study off campus. The structure of the program would include four days face to face instruction and a one-day off-campus instruction with self-directed activities. MOODLE has been selected as a learning management system since it may enable teachers to manage, communicate and track student progress while off-site.... Professional activity The professional development activity that I would like to undertake as a participant is a MOODLE course creator workshop. An individual given the role of a course creator may be able to assume a teacher’s role for the courses under review, create courses and have access to hidden courses. He may also have the ability to assign teachers the role of delivering the created courses. The course creator role may be mainly aimed at instructional designers, educational developers and teachers who engage themselves with online teaching (Moore, Michael & Greg, 237-249). At my place of work, may often be narrowed down to a program coordinator, head teacher or a teacher from each faculty selected on their computer competence. Instruction in a MOODLE course creator role may be freely available online through You-Tube video tutorials, e-learning course in MOODLE 2.2 making use of the topic format and then populating each topic with activities and learning resources th at include learning objects from the retail operations toolbox. MOODLE may be considered a management system for learning which may be designed in order to aid instructors in the creation of the online classroom settings having the chances for rich collaboration and interaction. It may comprise of a number of design aspects, which may allow students and instructors to interact freely, experience and collaborate online learning within multiple ways. It may be said to be significant in supplementing underground courses or even hosting complete online courses (George, 53-77). I would like to effectively come up and provide web-based and instructor-led learning in my course. The development of learning processes and

Michael Jackson and How the Media Betrayed Him Assignment

Michael Jackson and How the Media Betrayed Him - Assignment Example A large number of interviews and news columns was publicised which have indicated Michael was a pedophile. Michael suffered the disparaging and debasing media charges and criticisms and persistently implored the media not to condemn him because his guilt was not yet proven (Barris & Gray, 2006). But the media kept on depicting the King of Pop in the most damaging way possible. Although the media has claimed their reports were for the public’s entertainment, the scathing media reports have constantly burdened and troubled Michael. For a media that flourished on generating images of Michael which depicted his life’s undesirable facets; the media coverage has been less disparaging in portraying the death of the King of Pop. His demise did not generate the burst of images normally depicting a famous icon’s passing away. The sole media image being shown is Michael’s ambulance snapshot while an EMS specialist was trying to revive him (Lee, 2009). It is somewhat unexpected that the media has easily acknowledged the verification of Michael’s death from law enforcement and family members. It is actually worrying because the media has constantly projected an ‘investigative’ character when it referred to current events or controversial personalities, particularly regarding the King of Pop (Hadley, 2009: 37). However, the media has not once challenged or looked into the legitimacy of Michael’s demise. They have been accommodating of family’s verification of Michaelâ €™s death and the unintentionally ‘disclosed’ coroner analysis of the cause of Michael’s demise (Campbell, 1994). The media has tracked and monitored Michael for roughly forty years, but they were not knowledgeable or informed of the degree of the alleged substance addiction of Michael. This is puzzling and incredulous a media quite meticulous in giving viewers photos and updates of   Michael and his children going abroad wearing surgical masks, being manhandled in a wheelchair, and going to establishments late at night (Sartore, 2000).

Collaboration and decision support Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Collaboration and decision support - Essay Example The managers access and utilise their required information (through data services option) to devise policies and prepare future plans. In addition, the system also identifies what information could be accessed and helpful for executives from different departments. The next support tool is ‘forecasting’, which enables managers to input business data in system so that system application automatically provides forecasts, estimations and certain calculations in the form of text, charts and tables. Hence, the manual process of forecasting is replaced with this new technology, thereby reducing time involved in decision-making and strategic planning. The third major support tool is known as ‘automatic report generation facility’, which provides updated daily / weekly / monthly reports on progress of the firm so that policy-makers will remain updated regarding business performance followed by changes in external environment. Also, the system provides email and conta ct facilities with real experts and other organisational personnel via intranet so that decision-makers could enhance interaction and information sharing before policy formulation. Reference Ba, Sulin, Karl Lang, and Andrew Whinston (1997). Enterprise decision support using Intranet Technology. Decision Support Systems, Volume 20, Issue 2, pp. 99-134

Story from the bible Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Story from the bible - Essay Example Judith is introduced in chapter eight as a wealthy widow woman of the city called Bethulia. Her husband died perhaps of heat stroke while he was overseeing a harvest and left her with all of his belongings. She is described as being very pious and wise and has the respect of the elders of the town. When they think they have no choice but to give up, she assures them she will do something about the invading general Holofernes, who is camped in the next valley. By Chapter 11, she has dressed herself in a way that is seductive but also very wealthy and classy so that she can get the attention of Holofernes, which is successful. She spends several nights praying for the right time for Holofernes to attack while he plans how he’s going to have her physically. Chapter 13 is the most exciting chapter of the story as it is here that she beheads Holofernes as he is passed out drunk and then passes out of his camp with his head in a bag unharmed because of the way she had arranged her s tay there. Although she is mentioned as late as the last chapter of the book, Chapter 16, her story is really finished by Chapter 14 after she tells her countrymen what to do with the head and how to frighten the rest of the Assyrians away. This story of Judith is central to the book’s meaning as it is her actions that attempt to teach the process of making oneself the instrument of God. The book has undergone a great deal of scrutiny in terms of its authorship and dating. The Women’s Bible Commentary points out that the book was mentioned in 1 Clement in the first century, so it had to have been written prior to that time. Others, such as the New Jerome Biblical Commentary have discovered references in the writings of Clement of Alexandria, Origen and Tertullian. The HarperCollins Bible Commentary suggests that the book is post-exilic and probably

Arbitration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arbitration - Assignment Example O’Connell are of equal argument, this implies that the teacher failed his stance on the burden of proof. In short, the tie moves to the defendant as he does not have to provide proof of anything. Therefore, the defense in such a case can freely poke flaws in the plaintiff’s case. If the teacher-student were to successfully prove of the wrongs done against him in the punishment, then the case must be accepted as true by the arbitrator. This would mean that the case is beyond reasonable doubt. The size and task carried by the gym teacher are of relevance to the case as Mr. O’Connell testified that the student pushed him. Averaging from the size of most seventh-grade students, a mature adult is no match for such. Therefore, this should not have been a justification to lift the student from the back in a harassing manner. Again, as an African-American, the student’s orientation is worth concern to the incident. Mr. O’connel should have his past reviewed of his encounters with other students of such race. It could reveal a trend probably missed in the investigation. The administration’s take on Mr. O’Connell past discipline cases that went unpunished are also of relevance to the case. The classification of discipline cases by the administration should also be evaluated. Questions must also be raised on the possibility that he has had similar or worse scenarios that have gone untold by students for fear of suspension or such threats. Mr. O’Connell was unjust. In an arbitrator’s point of view, the student’s past ought also to be the question, the background, and emotional stress should be evaluated. Given that the conversation between the student and Mr. O’Connell before Mr. Smith’s arrival was not document, this leaves flaws questioning the eligibility of the generalization to the term obscenities. Could it have been possible that the teacher triggered the harsh conversation or was it the student? African American students have a

Boutique Law Firm and Title Company in Hohenwald Tennessee Research Paper

Boutique Law Firm and Title Company in Hohenwald Tennessee - Research Paper Example James Mark has a passion for the law and is comfortable with the real estate aspects of it. Specifically title searches, which forms the genealogy of land ownership. As a starting company, Syndicate Law firm will forecast its revenue. Revenue forecast is the amount of money calculated that Syndicate firm expects to receive from its sales. It is almost impossible to predict the yearly revenues of Syndicate Company precisely. It is critically crucial for Syndicate to develop a revenue budget of high quality. Managers of Syndicate will spend their time to assess the condition of the market, conduct analysis and negotiate with superiors to set the revenue expectations. This is possible for the company by setting aggressive but achievable targets. Therefore, revenue forecast plays a crucial in the present economies. It helps Syndicate understand how programs of the company affect the levels of domestic income. It also offers insight into the company’s economic health in the long-te rm and short-term (â€Å"Idaho real estate: practice & law†, 2002). Consequently, revenue forecast is crucial because it enables the managers of Syndicate to re-adjust the company’s annual budget. Adjustments are based on the company’s cash inflow’s estimate and keep off a large deficit of the budget. Syndicate budget team typically performs the procedures of revenue forecast at the end of a financial year. Consequently, the activities of revenue forecast affect the social expenditure and investment of infrastructure that Syndicate Company can develop over a financial year. For instance, when the estimates of revenue decrease, it causes the managers of Syndicate to reduce some of the social programs or even raise sales. Success The Syndicate Law firm will achieve its success by setting goals. Setting goals is part of the Syndicate’s planning process. The managers establish financial and non-financial goals for longer and shorter term. When Syndicat e Law firm has goals in place, it will help the management team to focus on the operational steps it needs to take and the resources needed to meet the target. When Syndicate Company meets non-financial goals, the possibility of meeting the financial target such as profitability and revenues becomes possible. Some of the non-financial goals include customer satisfaction, planning and reporting systems, employee and training development, policies and procedures, long-range vision, and community involvement. On the other hand, some of the financial goals that Syndicate Company needs to achieve include revenue and profitability. The major success of Syndicate Company is to keep their clients satisfied. This offers the chance for repeat business. When a customer is satisfied, they are likely to tell their associates about their experience. Therefore, if Syndicate Company sells to other companies, the endorsement from clients is crucial to close a sale with a new client. Also, the manage rs will create business plans for the company to table to perspective investors, which serve the company as a guide. When Syndicate grows, their planning process also grows. The growth includes the regular gathering of information on competitive activities and comparing the actual outcomes to forecast figures on a quarterly basis. Another success of the Syndicate Law Firm is its revenue growth and its expansion. Revenue growth and expansion creates

MS ITM Core Learning Objectives Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

MS ITM Core Learning Objectives - Thesis Example This objective can also be related with all three issues as it is highly important for all involved stakeholders to take their responsibility in the process of finding and implementing solutions. ECONOMICS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE  » Issues of International Trade which deal with real transactions that involve physical movements of goods and services. Yes all are relevant. The first issue involves movement of energy resources, second issue involves health problems due to movement of goods and services by vehicles which generate poisonous gases, whereas airplanes use more energy resources to transport goods and services from one place to another.  » Theory of international trade and issues of trade policy. First two issues are relevant. Theories have been developed for trade of energy resources and pollution generated by vehicles using these fuels. Third issue is not relevant.  » Basics of International Finance theory & policy implications. All three issues are irrelevant. Internat ional finance trade involve balance of payment, exchange rate, global financial system, foreign direct investment, and the affect of these resources towards international trade MIS IN TRANSPORTATION  » Use IT-enabled management information systems. All issues are relevant because IT-enabled management information systems help to solve these issues  » Who, what, when, where, why, how of IT deployment. All are relevant because it is necessary to answer who, what, when, where, why and how the IT based management system should be used to solve issues.  » Examples of IT use from industry sectors All issues are relevant because examples of IT use in the transportation industry help to use appropriate IT model to solve these issues.  » Contemporary IT deployment for Global Intermodal...The learning objective is very relevant with the three issues discussed previously. All the three issues need proper Information system in order to solve them. The system should collect data and dete rmine the best appropriate way to resolve these issues. Therefore, a report must be prepared in a written form which should describe the plan, analysis and designs for construction and implementation of business information system. The report should be prepared by considering the above issues. For example, the report must ensure a plan which is useful to develop a system in order to find out the appropriate Energy Resources Transit Model. Employ electronic software to enhance oral and written communication about an information system Information systems have taken important place in the daily operations of any organization (Laudon and Laudon, 2010). The three issues being analyzed and discussed can also be related with this learning objective. To develop a proper information system to solve above issues, a suitable software must be designed which is helpful in oral and written communication for an information system. All the issues must be treated using software so best possible solution can be obtained. It is important to understand the different phases and dimensions associated with the system process in order to come up with proper systematic solutions for the all issues being discussed.

September 11th the terrorist attack Essay Example for Free

September 11th the terrorist attack Essay The terrorist attack on September 11 will always be remember as the most terrifying day in American History. These attacks left people around the world with feeling of disbeliefs and anger. As consequences, many of American people are blaming all Muslim citizens for the attacks, accusing them as terrorists. There are an estimated of 3 million muslins living in the United States. The majority of them practice the Islam religion. Islam is a religion that means peace with ones heart, mind and soul. It also means peace with god and to live according to the sacred book. Unluckily, most Muslim people in America share the same religion as the terrorist organization, led by Osama bin Laden, who is the primary suspect for the September 11 attack. As result, many Muslim American are paying a high price for their similarities with the terrorist. They are being humiliated, harassed and discriminated against. There are more than 200 cases of hate crimes reported in Arabic American anti Discrimination Society since the attacks. For instance, a news station reported a week after the attack an Arab American passenger was kicked off the airplane because of the way she looks. In addition, some on these incident children are the most affected. Muslim children because they are more sensible and constantly interacting with their peers, especially on public school. I have seemed discrimination against Muslim people in my classroom at PCCC. One day after the attack a classmate thought it would be funny to point at on Muslim classmate. I did not find it funny, instead I found very insulting toward her, especially because I know her and I know she is not bad. All these case are true history and people live constantly in pain. Many of them are people with dream and ambition. On September 11 every one saw how destruction could be done in a powerful nation like America. Unfortunately, these events have left many loses including lives of people and economically impact. But we also learned that not all Muslim are terrorist. They are peaceful people like you and me.

Human Resources department in William Hill Essay Example for Free

Human Resources department in William Hill Essay Human Resources department in William Hill are important because they have a connection with the quality of employees and market success. William Hill will not be able to work effectively if workers are not committed to meeting corporate objectives so it is the HR management job to ensure this quality by recruiting, developing and retaining these staff. In order to do the above it is essential for HR department to look at various information internally and externally to plan for human resource. Internal and external information is important for William Hill as they need it to determine what they are doing, what they should have done, and what they are about to do. For this company to be the best and to strive to the highest levels they should make sure that they know all legislations that they need to follow in order to stay on the same side of the law. Internal in formation consist of what is happening in the business such as below: Labour Turnover This means the number of employees that leave over a period of time, are replaced and the average length of time workers stay and reason for staff wastage. This can either be advantage or become a disadvantage to William Hill. This is because it can either bring in new employees with new ideas and skills, or it can be expensive to recruit new staff. Due to high costs that it will produce, this can also become time consuming. Employees may leave because of poor career prospects, allowing little chance of promotion or simply better opportunities elsewhere. The way to measure labour turnover is: Wastage rate: No. of leavers in a period * 100 Average number of employees in the period Average No. Employees at start of period + Employees at end of period of employees: 2 Companies including William Hill can use this calculation on a yearly basis for the whole organisation or just the department. This is highly useful when used as a comparison with previous years. One disadvantage is that the equation (wastage rate) doesnt measure the length of service of the employees that leave. Stability Index means that means how long an employee has been with the firm. It can be measure by using this formula: No. of employees with one or more years or service * 100 No. of employees at the start of the year This equation shows the stability of more loyal and settled workers. It ignores short-term workers or those most likely to leave. William Hill Labour turnover for Evelyn Street Branch is: Labour turnover = 3 * 100 = 20% 15 This result includes the amount of part time and full time workers employed in my branch. This is a really good indication that numerous workers love their job and want to stay employed in William Hill. As there is high retention levels it makes planning for human resource easier because it seems that more workers are staying. The amount of people leaving one branch would require the attention of the HR department, this is because the company can observe what is wrong and try to find ways to fix it. This would help the department as it can grow from the results of the turnover. Being able to put back into working order the things that became a problem in the past would make the company more successful from within. Age, Skills and Qualifications According to studies the older you are the more experience you would have. Analysing the age of the workers at William Hill it would show that mostly young and middle age groups are being employed. William Hill tend to take staff during night racing and hiring people around these times would be essential for the company but not for the employee, this is because in that short space of time the workers will not gain the qualifications that they need. William Hills most reliable staff would be the middle age groups. This is because they would be more experienced and have been in that trade for such longer period. In addition to this they will gain maximum experience and qualifications to match. Where this is rewarded by annual pay they will be more expensive to employ, their length of service may make them more expensive to make redundant. Younger staff may lack experience but they may be more receptive to change and new ideas, also they may inexpensive to recruit. When looking at the gender of William Hill you will find that most of the employees are female: FEMALE 60% MALE 40% There are more women on the shop floors than in the Head Office of William. Also the male population tend to be the betters and it means that the female will tend to serve them especially when it comes to individual betting shops. William Hill is a company that employ regardless of qualification or skills in providing their services to customers however it would aid employment if you had rather good maths skills, good communication skills and working with other workers as a team. But William Hill do offer training where it is needed to new or previous staff because it essential time is not wasted in not knowing what to do but being productive and offering good Customer Service. Staff Absences or sickness Staff absences cost industries in terms of money and time due to less productivity. Staff absences is not only included in absences but also bad time keeping such as arriving late and leaving early but also due to industrial accidents. Accidents at work can be avoided by the use of common sense and consideration. Hazards caused by leaving paper on the floor, having the ladder obstructing the way, blocked entrances and exits with boxes and trailing leads. So it is part of the Human Resource to keep sure that safety is kept by each shop and that appropriate planning is made for training in First Aid in case of accidents caused by other individuals. Apart from accidents the workplace can cause illness to workers in a variety of ways especially those that are doing night shift also due to constant smoking by workers and customers it may lead to further health problems in the future so this may cause absences. The staff absences in the Evelyn Branch of William Hill yearly are: Part time employees 18% Full time employees 32% Full time workers have the highest Training This can be done within the business or outside, according to the training needs of the employee. There are different types of training: Induction, Mentoring, Coaching, Apprenticeships, and Off and On the job training. Staff training is required if William Hill are to continue and to be successful to be the best in their market. The process of training is to help employees reach their maximum efficiency. William Hill will need to meet their annual targets therefore employees would need to develop their skills. At the beginning of your employment at William Hill or any other workplace you will have to have an induction. This is an introduction to the business for new employees. This can be used to familiarise the new recruits with the organisation. Based on a good induction the employee will feel at ease with the organisation and some of the employees. Your skills and qualifications may be based on your training. Your ability to gain as much knowledge as you can will be reflected in your skills to do certain jobs. Employees of William Hill will be trained to suit any area no mater what the task in question is. This will then help the company to strive to be the finest it can be. Succession and Promotion of Staff Succession is the process of staff that has left being trained and promoted although it has become common for William Hill to recruit experienced staff from outside the business it would be advantageous to start promoting those within the organisation. So in order for employees to stay and require less human resource planning it helps to encourage staff to remain loyal by giving them good career prospects. Promoting within William Hill will ensure continuity of style and culture of the organisation so that everyone watching out for each other style will still exists to continue increasing productivity. The human resource department do not always approach staff for promotion but teletexting is placed on Managers betting screen to tell staff or posters are placed out side individual LBO if they need certain staff. Nevertheless there is always that problem that internal staffs are not suitable so advertising the need for staff will have to be done for William HR department for planning for the future. External information relates to the information outside of the business and these tend to be things which are beyond William Hills control. So in order to overcome these problems it helps to use the PESTEL (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal) analysis which looks at all aspects of the external influences which will prove crucial to the outcome of William Hill in coming years. Political With there being a stable political environment it enables William Hill to make predictions about their future because they have that degree of certainty due to knowing that the Labour government will be in power for another four years and hopefully they will stick to the same economic policies. If there was an increase in company taxation levels, this could mean that William Hill will have more cost to pay and may not be able to recruit as many staff as they previously would. For the Human Resource department it means that they may have to recruit staffs that are less expensive such as those that dont have as much experience as someone that may have been in the industry for 10 years. Changes to taxation levels in general would have an affect on William Hill as certain things such as concessions and incentives given to workers could increase or decrease. However some of the company expenses are tax deductible meaning that William Hill can set these off against tax burdens and may make them more willing to recruit workers if costs can be cut through not giving away company cars. The level of protectionism that the government have could affect trade and could affect demand for William Hill services hence demand for labour to supply services could fall or ascend depending on their restrictions. Economic Economic forces affect both the organisation and its customers. Depending on the sector that the business lies on the economic influences will be different. The economic environment may change, William Hill will need to understand how their suppliers and customers will be affected if they are to successfully adjust to change. Unemployment has a relationship with the demand of product or products in general. With a high unemployment level the demand for products will go down as people have less disposable income. If William Hill were to set up in an area that has low employment levels then they could make the percentage level increase thus giving the company more sales as unemployment is low. If interest rates are high then it becomes a lot more expensive for companies like William Hill to borrow money from banks, meaning that William Hill will refrain from expanding and less staff will be needed. The Human Resources Planning department may have to delayer the hierarchy of the company leaving some without a job. With high interest rates people in general will become hostile to purchasing luxury or high priced products or services therefore the demand for them will decrease. The Human Resources department would need to invent ways for this to change in their favour. Social Peoples spending habits may vary during different seasons because of various races during the course of the year such as Cheltenham, The Grand National and many more. William Hill will realise this and take advantage for it. When recruiting staff WH Smith would need to think carefully on whom to take on. Taking in the knowledge that younger employees would be more responsive to change. However someone of the senior generation may offer more years of service. This will effect the HR department of WH Smith because they will need to consider a lot. Since younger people may have new skills and new ideas they may be beneficial to the company, and older employees would stay with the company longer. Technological As technology is advancing WH Smith need to move with the times by using technology They may want to make sure that their products are of the highest standards so WH Smith would use technical equipment thereby reducing the amount of staff required. If WH Smith engages in Internet sales it may also cut down the staffs that is needed. The Human Resources department will take into consideration the affect that this would have on WH Smith and they will use this to interpret the outcome for their future. Environmental Environmental issues are a very big part of all industries as everyone wants to be environmentally friendly. Some of WH Smiths customers would like to buy recyclable products to be kind to the environment. If WH Smith were to be concerned with the environment they could buy more recyclable stationery enabling this to be part of their policy concerning the environment. There may be some customers (like me) that dont really mind whether their goods are recyclable. To them they may think that just because they can be recycled they are not good quality, therefore they would not buy it. The HR department would need to analyse this area and make sure they know and understand the ramifications that may occur from their decisions. This could have an effect on staff as they may need to employ more people to assist with sales or not employ anyone at all. Legal All companies follow an equal opportunity policy as it is part of a legislation that all businesses should follow. For legal reasons William Hill may have to pay one employee more money than another, this would not be because ones a man and the other is a woman, but, because one is a minor (under 16) and the other is above 18. With this policy people under 18 yrs would be paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.60 and anyone older would get à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4.20. Within this company they do not discriminate against people, this could be from sex discrimination to racial. This could effect the HR department as it could higher the cost of labour that they recruit, meaning that they would reduce the amount of staff.

The History Of Listeria Biology Essay

The History Of Listeria Biology Essay Salmonellosis, Shigellosis, Yersinosis and many other infectious diseases were named after the one who discovered them unlike Listeriosis. Once the causative agent was discovered by Murray, Webb and Swann, generic names such as bacterium monocytogenes was used and finally Listeria (Pirie) to honor Dr. Lister, the discoverer of antisepsis. Hence, in the past the disease was known as Listeriosis until, Listeria came into the general usage. Listeria was first known to be the causative agent of epidemic and sporadic cases in 50 species of animals, now the disease has been appearing on an increasing rate in the population of mankind. In 1926, Murray, Webb identified Listeria Monocytogenes and the bacterium was named by Swann. The bacterium was then renamed by Pirie in 1927 and was given its current name, Listeria Monocytogenes. In 1891, doctors in France and Germany discovered a gram positive bacterium in samples of tissues of patients who suffered and died from a disease similar to Listeriosis. In 1929, Nyfeldt described the first confirmed report of Listeriosis in humans caused by Listeria Monocytogenes. Listeria was first known to be the cause of epidemic and sporadic cases in 50 species of animals. Characterization of Listeria Monocytogenes. Listeria Monocytogenes is a small highly motile gram positive rod. It is a non spore-forming cocco-bacillus, facultative anaerobe which is catalase positive. These ubiquitous saprophytes are widespread in nature that is they can be found in soil and water. Vegetables can get contaminated if the soil, manure or the water used is contaminated. The bacterium can also be carried away by both wild and domestic animals that may apparently appear healthy. The bacterium is an opportunistic pathogen. It is capable of surviving and multiplying outside animal hosts and in quite simple nutrient medium. (Chapman and Hall, 1996.). It grows under refrigeration conditions from 1 °C up to 44 °C. However, its growth rate decreases below 1C and it is easily destroyed by heat. Normally pasteurization and cooking kill Listeria, but in certain ready-to-eat food, it can be found. This is due to contamination which occurs prior to packaging. Serology: Listeria Monocytogenes can be further characterized based on the presence of specific heat stable somatic (0) and heat-labile flagella (H) antigens. Based on the O and H antigens, strains of Listeria Monocytogenes, isolated from pathological sources are subdivided into serotypes: 1/2a,1/2 b, 1/2c, 3a,3b,3c,4a,4ab,4b,4c,4d,4e,4f,5 and 6. Serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b and 4b are responsible for greater than 95% of all human infections (Frances Pouch Downee, Keith Ito, 2001). Factors affecting growth and survival of Listeria Monocytogenes. Listeria Monocytogenes is a psychotropic bacterium that is it has the ability to resist the cold temperature of refrigeration. However, Listeria Monocytogenes is also thermo tolerant when subjected to temperatures above the optimum. The broad pH range for growth for Listeria Monocytogenes allows it to survive. pH 7.0 7.5 is the optimum pH for the growth of Listeria Monocytogenes (Dean, 1990). The bacteria can resist a high concentration of salt that is an environment with a low water potential. It has been shown that the organism can tolerate environments of 25.6 % Nacl for at least 132 days at 22 °C and 5 days at 37 °C (Adams; 2001; Lovette, 1989). Moreover the presence of other microorganisms in the same medium (on the same contaminated food) can cause a decrease in the population of Listeria Monoctyogenes. Listeriosis: Also known as the Circling Disease or Silage sickness, Listeriosis is a sporadic bacterial infection caused by Listeria Monocytogenes. It is a worldwide disease and a serious food borne disease for humans. The term Listeriosis encompasses a wide variety of disease symptoms that are similar on animals and humans. Persons of advanced age, pregnant women, new born and adults with infected immune systems are normally prone to attract this disease. A normal person without those criteria mentioned above can also be affected. He can be infected by consuming contaminated food. Babies may get infected at birth itself if their mother had consumed contaminated food during pregnancy. According to the world health organization (WHO), outbreaks of Listeriosis have been reported from many countries, including Australia, S Switzerland, France and the United states. Two recent outbreaks of Listeria Monocytogenes in France in 2000 and in the USA in 199 caused by contaminated pork tongue and hot dogs. CASES IN MAURITIUS MISSING!!!!!!!!!! Health risk of listeria: Hayes (1992) considered Listeria Monocytogenes as a low grade pathogen since there is no clinical manifestation in healthy individuals upon ingestion of low numbers of viable cells. According to the center for food security and public health 1-10 % of the population is thought to carry Listeria Monocytogenes asymptomatically in the intestines (May, 2005). Vomiting, Nausea, Cramps, Diarrhea, severe headache, constipation ad persistent fever are the symptoms that may occur suddenly. Meningitis encephalitis is the infection of the brain and its surrounding tissue. Septicemia is the poisoning of blood caused by listeria. The overall mortality rate in the group of susceptible people mention in sectionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Are 20 -30%. Listeria Monocytogenes can be identified in tissues using ELISA, PCR and other molecular techniques. It is treated with antibiotics depending on the form of the disease. Mode of invasion and spread of Listeria in host cells: Listeria Monocytogenes is acquires by ingestion. The bacterium must find and adhere to the intestinal mucosa or the intestinal crypt cells, which are the only undifferentiated mucosal cells. Once the bacterium is phagocytosed, it becomes enclosed in a phagolysosome, a sub cellular organelle. Normally the low pH and the contents of the phagosomes are toxic to microorganism, however, environment of low pH causes Listeria Monocytogenes to produce hemolysin, Listeriolysin O (LLO).LLO lyses the cell membrane of the phagolysosome and this causes release of the Listeria into the cytoplasm. According to F.S Southwick and D.L Purich all pathogenic strains of Listeria produce Listeriolysin-O which is important for their escape and pathogenesis. Once in the cytoplasm, the bacteria multiply and proliferate and the bacteria become surrounded by an electron-dense material. The bacteria are then known to be polarized at one end. The electron-dense material give the bacterium an elongated protrusions form and filopods which are in turns ingested by adjacent cells and the cycle begins anew. Spreading from cell to cell without directly being in contact with the extracellular environment is how Listeria Monocytogenes invade the cells of its hosts. Isolation of Listeria Monocytogenes: Since there has been increasing interest in the presence or absence of Listeria Monocytogenes in foods, as a result of some substantial outbreaks of food borne listeriosis in North America and Europe, there has been a vital need to develop methods to isolate it in various type of food. Several methods such as ELISA, PCR and genetic hybridization technologies (Entis and Lerner, 1991, RMR Labs, 2000, certification, Report, 2000; Klein and Juneja, 2001) have been developed. Department of agriculture (USDA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), are the two US agencies that made use of different protocol for analysis of Listeria Monocytogenes. The techniques for isolation of Listeria Monocytogenes involve two- stage enrichment, the pre-enrichment followed by enrichment and plating for isolation. The enrichment procedures helps to keep the level of contaminating microorganisms to a reasonable numbers and allow multiplication of Listeria Monocytogenes to levels that are enough for detection of the organism. Half Fraser Broth and the University of Vermont broth (UVM) are examples of broths for the pre-enrichment procedures. They allow revival of injured Listeria cells. The Fraser broth is used with a selective Fraser broth supplement in enriching for the enrichment steps after the pre-enrichment and for detecting Listeria. Both the Fraser and Half Fraser Broth contain sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate which are buffering agents. The presence of ferric ions acts as an indicator since the bacteria produces 6, 7- dihydroxycoumarin that reacts with the ferric ions thus resulting in the blackening of the medium. Lithium chloride, nalidixic acid and acriflavine give the broth a higher concentration of salt and inhibit growth of enterococci. However, it is only after 48 hours that there is blackening of the broth. For plating, PALCAM, Oxford and Modified Oxford (MOX) are used as selective agars for isolation of Listeria Monocytogenes. Lithium chloride, polymyxin B sulphate and acriflavine HCl, present in the PALCAM medium Base and ceftazidine found in the PALCAM supplement ensure the selectivity of the medium. These elements suppress other bacteria present in food except Listeria. For differentiation, the PALCAM medium provides esculin and mannitol. Hydrolysis of esculin by Listeria causes production of 6, 7, dihydroxycoumarin, which reacts with the ferric ions that are present in the PLACAM medium to form blacken halos. USDA method: The USDA method involve a two- stage enrichment procedure with a 24-48 hours primary enrichment with UVM medium followed by a second enrichment phase with Fraser broth. Black colonies on the MOX plates show the presence of Listeria Monocytogenes. FDA method: This method involves 48 hour enrichment at 30 °C in buffered Listeria Enrichment Broth (BLEB). Pre enrichment procedure is optional which is done 4 hours at 30 °C prior to the addition of the selective supplements. After 24 hours to 48 hours the culture is streaked onto Oxford, PALCAM, Lithium chloride-phenyl ethanol moxalactant (LPM). After 24-48 hours at 30 °C, black-halo colonies prove the presence of Listeria. ISO method: The ISO method and the USDA method are alike with only the difference of using Half Fraser Broth for enrichment in the ISO method. The enrichment is done using Fraser Broth. On PALCAM or Oxford agar, the Listeria colonies are gray green with the black halo and black respectively.

Personal Narrative: I have seen Elvis Presley :: Celebrity Actor Acting Performing Musician

I Have Seen Elvis While driving down the expressway late last Saturday night I saw the strangest thing. There on the side of the road was an old broken-down blue Cadillac. As I passed, that's when I saw it. Out of the corner of my eye; it was him. There stood Elvis Presley, the King, kicking at the flattened tire of his rusted out Cadillac. I swear it was him. He had the side-burns, the wonderfully slicked back hair, and just as he went out of sight I swear he was doing that lip thing. As I think back on that night I wonder to myself if it was really him or if I just really wanted it to be. To me he is a symbol of both a lifestyle and a generation. Even though he supposedly died a month before I was born, his image and his likeness has so much meaning for me. Was it his greasy hair, the rebellious sexuality of his gyrating hips or just that sullen look in his eye? All these years I have never really known how my obsession with him came about. Now that I am in college I am beginning to question how thi s man of relatively little talent became such a hero to me and such a legend of American pop-culture? I guess for me, I am just infatuated with his image. You could say I'm sold on it. Elvis was everything I have always wanted to be. He was a rebellious loner and also incredibly popular. Elvis was always carrying around a pretty guitar but it is rumored he could barely play three cords on it. Presley was so phenomenally talented that even after dead for more than twenty-two years, he is still making more money than the average hard working American. He was a poor southern boy who was manufactured and constructed into American royalty. It is for these reasons that I hold a special place in my heart for Elvis. It is also for these reasons that I will from now on respectfully refer to him as, The King. The King is the result of the manipulation and the marketing of the American public through the use of the mass media. The first weapon used to target the wallets of the American people was the record. Rock 'n' Roll, a rebellious new sound that was immediately embraced by the young teen-agers of the fifties was a great turning point in our American society.

Rite Aid Stock Analysis :: essays research papers

I chose to analyze the third largest retail drugstore chain in the United States, Rite Aid Corporation. I chose to analyze Rite Aid Corp. because our family owns approximately 1200 shares and we have taken quite a loss on our investment. We are in the process of deciding whether or not we should sell our stock. Additionally, my Mother has been a pharmacist at Rite Aid Corp for 11 years and she often pays close attention to the financial stability of the company. We both feel that when you are employed by a corporation, that the corporation should be financially stable. A financially secure employer is one who generally offers better compensation and advancement to its employees.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rite Aid Corp. has its corporate headquarters located at 30 Hunter Lane, Camp Hill, Pennsylvania 17001, and their telephone number is (717) 761-2633. Rite Aid’s common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and the Pacific Stock Exchange under the trading symbol â€Å"RAD† The board of directors consists of 11 members. Robert G. Miller is the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairman of the Board. The board is mainly male in gender with only 2 female directors. One of these females is Mary F. Sammons, president of the Rite Aid Corp. She is not only the President of the company, but also fulfils the role as Chief Operating Officer. The majority of the members are over the age of 55 years, with the youngest member being 43 years old and the oldest being 72 years old.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rite Aid Corp. sells â€Å"prescription drugs and a wide assortment of general merchandise that they call ‘front-end products,’ including over-the-counter medications, health and beauty aids and personal care items, cosmetics, greeting cards, household items, convenience foods, photo processing services, and seasonal merchandise.† They are distinguished â€Å"from other national chain drugstores, in part, through their private label brands, their ‘stores-within-Rite Aid stores’ program with GNC and by their Internet presence. The sale of prescription drugs alone represents 59.5% of their total sales. Over-the-counter drugs and personal care items (10.9%), health and beauty aids (5.8%), and general merchandise (23.8%) account for the remaining 40.5% of their total 2001 fiscal year sales. Rite Aid Corp. operates in the highly competitive retail drugstore industry. â€Å"In the sale of prescription drugs, they compete with, among others, retail drugstore chains, independently owned drugstores, mass merchandisers, supermarkets, discount stores, and mail order pharmacies.

A Memorable Experience In Photography :: essays research papers fc

A Memorable Experience in Photography To experience photography, one must have a certain style of photographs to really appreciate or admire. Photographs are picturesque images and views that really catch the interest of the photographer. For me to experience and admire photography, it took me only one photographer to really appreciate the power it has his name is Robert Capa. Robert grew up in Hungary he experienced the political unrest and turmoil. He lived under the oppression of Horthy and knew the kind of anarchy that constitutes war(Images of War 8). Robert's work represented 3 categories: 1. Images of battle. 2. Images of the effects of war. 3. Images of calamity(Photographs,Introduction). His work also had a swift understanding and sympathy for the people who suffer from being caught in war. This type of suffering made it impossible for him to ignore the events which affected their lives(Images of War 9). Robert's belief on photography is "If your pictures are not good enough, your not close enough"(Photographs Foreword). Robert's breakthrough in the field of photography came during the Spanish Civil War. His most famous picture was a snapshot of a courageous man in the act of falling(Capa18). His own special talents and course of world happenings, led him into a role as a professional photographer of war(Images of War20). To really admire and understand Capa, you must have a fascination for dramatic and emotional pictures of war. There probably has been thousands who admire the work he does. Well you can include me in that group of thousands. Capa puts into perspective in just one photograph, something my grandfather will never forget. The Bombing of Pearl Harbor. The photograph that brings back these memories is taken somewhere in Europe during World War II. It's a photograph that has the air full of scores of Japanese warplanes. They are flying over war stricken farmland. As an American citizen, this photograph brings a lot of emotions through me and would have brought greater emotions to my grandfather. I used this photograph because it brings back the memory of my grandfather telling me the story of how he survived that tragic day. On December 7, 1941, my grandfather was stationed at Pearl Harbor as a airplane mechanic. It was still early in the morning and he was still sleeping. Then out of nowhere he heard numerous explosions and then the sirens went off._ _He rushed out of bed and ran upstairs to see what was happening. In the sky he saw scores of Japanese airplanes flying and bombing the area. Some of the airplanes would risk their own lives to do more damage to the ships and the

Do Environmental Hormone Mimics Pose a Potentially Serious Health Threat? Essay

Chemicals affecting human health have been a problem for the past years and have still been a growing problem for our society. Issue 10 is concerned about this problem. It is pointing out the major harms and the reasons for this problem. First, it is talking about the argument that is against these chemicals. After this, an argument that says these specific chemicals do not necessarily have an affect in human health is discussed. What I really find distrusting is the numbers and the facts given in each argument were different. First argument gives examples and facts from experiments. The exponential growth in the industrial use and marketing of synthetic chemicals (xenobiotics) have been affecting human health greatly. Their effects were seen far from their introduction sites and their harm was great (Pg184, 1st paragraph). â€Å"Scientists also have postulated a relationship between these chemicals (endocrine disruptors) and abnormalities and diseases in humans† (page 186, 1st paragraph). Even though their argument seems based on commonsense (chemicals interrupt human systems), they do not seem to rely on scientific data very much; they seem to gather data based on their conclusion whereas they should draw a conclusion based on their data. For example they are giving examples of animals such as mice, mollusks, river fish, alligators, and some bird species and talk about how some chemicals affect their natural systems. However, humans and animals are not exactly the same and they are still uncertain about the chemicals’ effects (pg190). Sheldon Krimsky is even accepting the fact about uncertainty; â€Å"A single chemical can have multiple effects on an organism that act through several mechanisms, not all of which involve hormone receptors†(pg189, 3rd paragraph). Complexity is another factor making this argument weak. Three reasons are given to support that it is hard to create a link between breast cancer and these chemicals in page 191, 5th paragraph. The argument also talks about policies and programs regarding these chemicals. Even though they have drawbacks the argument seems to fully support the new regulatory approach. Using the drawbacks of the first argument, uncertainty and complexity, the second argument proposes a powerful argument. First the argument gives four reasons why we cannot directly relate chemicals and human abnormalities. Other then these specific reasons, the second argument talks about uncertainty and complexity of the procedures of detecting the effects, and using this as a strong weapon. The summary par they provide is an effective tool that we have not seen in any issue before and helps the reader to gather all the information and sub-arguments into a single argument. Nevertheless, the second argument accepts the fact that some of the chemicals disrupt the human systems however, it is too hard to get rod of them since they are an important part of our lives (pg199, 2nd paragraph). All in all, I found the second argument more powerful. However, if prepared correctly and more efficiently, the first argument would have been much more persuasive. Lastly, I believe the second argument would be â€Å"perfect’ if it provided a solution to the case instead of saying it is too hard to deal with.

Coca Cola Market Plan and Market Research Essay

In the role of trade consultant, I am presenting a merchandise plan and a trade explore brief for coca plant- dumbbell, a loss leader in the soft- pledges industry.Introduction merchandise is definitely adept of the major moers that contri scarcelye towards the success of each stage business. Especi all told toldy in todays growing competitive delivery it is innate that correct securities industry is bring through and throughd so as to survive and grow in the globalized valet.This schoolman report is int removeed to bid a detailed synopsis of the selling plan of coca- sens conjunction. The outside milieu is analyse to debate the threats that it imposes. It allow also financial aid to understand the monitoring carcass to be competent to deter these threats. The abbreviation is crystalize on the internal capabilities of the go with as tumesce. Within these analyses, the objectives of the social club need been discussed. A reflection has been d whizz on the merchandise strategies under taken by the goernmental party. Amidst all these, come-at- fitted implementation, attend and monitoring system provoke been highlighted.The merchandise plan is followed by a foodstuffing research to identify the ara of opportunities.several(prenominal) resources have been studied to give to desexualizeher the plan and the research.These resources be menti integrityd at the end of the report.coca plant- boobycoca plant-Cola was invented way back in the class 1886 by Dr. John Pemberton. He was a pharmacist in Atlanta in Georgia. The diversenessula of coca-Cola wasfabricated by him in the backyard of his ho character in a 3 legged pot make up of brass (History of coca-Cola). The intention at this usher was to make a tonic for headache which turned out to be so tasty and refreshing that it gained orders due to this reason. The prep argon coca plant-Cola was pronounced by Frank Robinson, who was colleague of Pemberton as s hygienic up as a book continueer. He penned the words coca plant-Cola in a script which is represented as a flow. This is how the light upon appears today on the taint and is re like a shotned overall. At that time, the average trade in a day was nine subscribes. In the apotheosis year, the sale was 25 gallons of the syrup.With the passage of time, when Pemberton started to lose health, he head untouch up to(p) and sold sullen the beau monde to Asa Candler for a consolidated price of $2,300 in 1891. The incurning time that Coca-Cola was bottled was in 1894, by the possessor of the Biedenharn Candy Comp either, Joseph Biedenharn. With the incrementd fame of the put up name, in that respect were fix imitators that entered in the grocery. To avoid confusion, the currently historied contour bottle was designed by the Root Glass Comp both of Terre Haute, Indiana.By the year 1919, the overlap of the alliance was go well-nigh to all the states and the territories. In the selfsame(prenominal) year, the comp some(prenominal) was bought by a base including Ernest sweet woodruff for $25 million. Robert Woodruffs (eldest son of Ernest Woodruff) leadership for to a greater extent than six decades make Coca-Cola a big success all over the land. On May 15, 1950, Coca-Cola was the initiatory consumer overlap to appear on the issuing of Time magazine.Robert Goizueta became President of the follow in 1981. Soon, he was secernd as one of the closely successful leaders worldwide. The telephoner introduced New Coke in 1985 and after brought up Coke II. This was unable to get the publics favor and the pack demanded their own previous coke back. Visualizing and liberty chit through all ups and downs, today, Coca-Cola is forthcoming in 200 countries over the world and the stylemark Coca-Cola is represented in about eighty languages (The History of Coca-Cola).Objectives of the societyThe objective of the comp either is to utilize its as nocks its marking, the financial strength of the company, dainty distribution system, worldwide reach, and last but non the least a strong sense of commitment by the team up that manages and executes work all across the worldto attain long-term branch that persists and is hold (Coca-Cola Company, 2010). The romance that the company has for hurtable growth atomic number 18 explained as under attain It works towards be able to contribute maximum return to the shareholders of the company. The strategies are border retention this objective in mind. mickle The work turn up should be where batch are motivated to work better. Coca-Cola provides a ethical work milieu for the workers to be cheerful while working.Portfolio The Company aims to provide the drinkable portfolio to the pack that are able to quit the desires of the people. The marting research through with(p) by the company before the last harvesting, this cipher is kept to be check over in the initial ph ase. Partners Coca-Cola aims at maintaining a hard-core relation with the partners and till date in that location is demonstrated a good man relationship with all. Planet The Company has an objective to do or sothing different. This is represented by the fact that impudent types of beverages are introduced by the company to be different from the competitors and provide variety to the people. increaseivity It aims at maintaining to be momentive and unfaltering paced company (Coca Colas mission, vision and take to bes, 2010). This has been at the core of every picture by Coca-Cola as it has an effective put today in the global mart. securities industrying PlanWhile a trade plan is drafted or studied, it required arrant(a) examination and in depth research. securities industry breakdownCoca Cola is one of the successful companies in the context of foodstuff segmentation as well. demographic Segmentation This segmentation is on the basis of age, gender, income and family surface of the consumers. It has introduced unlike flavors for teeny children root. After a research when the company discovered that the twinkle Cola was considered as feminine drink by many, it introduced Coke Zero that aims at male consumer group who are health conscious. Different packing has different approach and soft touchs to meet all the income groups. thither is economy packs introduced which targets consumers as per the family size.Geographical Segmentation cod to different climatic conditions and regional differences, Coca Cola varies the judge of the product as per the people of that item country. Psychographic Segmentation The advertizings make by Coca Cola are the best examples to express how the company segments the merchandise as per the interests, attitudes and rates of the consumers. Whenever a copen event takes place, the company introduces an ad in context of the event so that it touches the center of the people.Still, the primary(a) market segmentation that is measurable, companionable and whose response substructure be spy and worked upon is the segmentation on the basis of Demographic Segmentation. Coca Cola focuses most on youngsters among the ages of 13 to 25 selling StrategiesCurrent Market StrategyCoca Cola undertakes the segmented marketing system by marketing its products to different segments by separate offerings to them. This is called the narrow downd marketing schema. Coca-Cola is preferably popular in the younger group and accordingly most of its advertisements and campaigns are undertaken have goting in view the younger generation. An give up example for this allow be that it has put vend machines in the schools and they have inform officially that they bequeath be continuing to target the market. Another example is the feed coke that caters to the deficiency of specific people.The staple fiber product, Coca Cola Soda is targeted to the broad(a) market as a whole. The marke t outline thusly put to effect by the company is targeting all the possible domains and providing them with tonic water that meets their demand. This differentiated marketing dodging has provided Coca-Cola with a stand in all the possible markets.Life Cycle of the harvest-tideIt has been a tally of years that Coca Cola has introduced the drink in the market. As we rout out understand from the history, Coke has bring home the bacon a large response from the people and their likeness, which has contributed towards the growth of the product.Once the product has been introduces and place well in the market, comes the maturity stage. And as per the in-depth analysis, Coca-Cola stands at this stage in the product life cycle. At this stage on that point is a rapid growth in the gross revenue of the product and later starts subsidence down. To be able to survive at such a phase, it is all-important(prenominal) to differentiate the product from the competitors product. This h as been persistently followed by Coca-Cola and as can be seen, has been make very well. Since the gross revenue begin to settle at a particular point, it is infixed to give a eminence to your product.Branding StrategyCoca-Cola is a famous international put up. The company has been working effectively and actively on maintaining its put up blondness for quite an several(prenominal) time now and has been able to achieve a well know betray equity and succeed brand loyalty.Coca-Cola provides a drawing card of varieties to the people in the hurl of soda. These varieties cater to the ask of all the market segments. The brand is resplendently symbolized in the packaging. This makes it easy for the people to recognize the product. The red color that is apply is quite eye-catchy and attracts the entire market domain including the primary market of youngsters in the age group of 13 to 25. The contour bottles as well as cans are designed in such a way that the product from Coca -Cola can be easily ascertained.The brand equity by Coca Cola has been created through rigorous campaigns undertaken and extraordinary advertisements designed for promotional purposes. It is after a percentage of effort that Coca-Cola soda has attained this brand equity.The branding strategy implemented by Coca-Cola Company has been quite effective in being able to gain a major market share. there are several kinds of brand strategy that can be implemented for the creation of brand equity. Some of these are Private brand strategy, Family brand strategy, Manufacturers brand strategy and Hybrid brand strategy. Coca Cola has made the use of the approximatelybody brand strategy. This can be explained as major products of Coca Cola are provided with their own brand names. For example, Sprite, Fanta, etc. may be represented and publicized as separate lines the domain remains the same Coca Cola.Coca-Cola has introduced current products from time to time. here is a marketing rese arch brief to demonstrate how Coca-Cola expanded with large range of products. market Research Brief merchandise research is as important as the marketing itself. It is essential that we are mindful of the current market and the actions and plans of our competitors so that the frame in and implementation of the marketing strategies move in the correct forecastion.The development of the marketing strategy depends a lot on the marketing research. The plan can only be drafted after there is sufficient study regarding the market. The implementation of the strategy is dependent on the market research again as before the implementation it is important to know how the draft has to be implemented well to achieve the desired results. Evaluation is a comparison of the achieved result and the expected result. Since, it has to be done on the marketing strategy this has its dependence on market research. on that point are many opportunities identify for Coca-Cola in the marketing research. T hese are all derived from the major one is the partnership of Coca-Cola with International majestic Committee (IOC).Coca-Cola has been a cognize name so far. Analyzing the responses and current situation, the major contest faced by the companys soda pertains to the health issues and concerns.I study that it is required to revisit the entire make of the soda and check it for any mischievous products that can be taken off from the making. Also, there can be some additional nutritional or healthy attributes added to the drink. But all this depart be required to be done with the taste of the soda not ever-changing or changing negligibly.A subsidiary of Coca Cola in Britain took a finding of expanding without acquisition of new companies but by itself. This time, the company chose on implementing an internal strategy of marketing to develop new product (A., 2012).Five stages of marketing research pass on be required to be implemented to develop the new product and flub it succe ssfully in the market. Identification of the prospect Understand the concept behind the need of the change and pen down the vagaryl product Exploring the Solution Surveys, focus groups and interviews can be conducted to understand the expectations from the upcoming product by the public. Measuring the Effectiveness It involve to be work outd that if the new product will be effective enough so as to gain the targeted share in the market. Testing the Market It is quits a appeally affair to launch a new product. The internal and external capabilities of the company assist in being able to do so effectively. Track Market performance After the launch of the new product, the performance need to be canvass and evaluated against the target.External Environment of Coca-ColaWe shall conduct mould analysis to understand the external environment of Coca-Cola. This is important because all of the factors are inter-related. If there is a political decision that is taken, it would ti nge the stinting situation of the country and thus the environment ( observe system of coca-cola)The first factor is the Political analysis. It inspects the present and potential political influences. These include the influence of the tax laws, reforms by the government, tariffs and restrictions in trade. Guardian report of swaggering 7, 2006, advises that there was a ban rigid on the sale of coke, in some states of India, in the government offices and the institutes pertaining to education. This led to the company being destitute of prospective market of around 30 million.The next is the economic analysis. This analyzes the impact by local, countywide and worldwide. If we looking for at this side, outside the United States, there is increased sale of beverage without alcohol. This means that all these countries will ensure stability and growth for the company.In the sociological analysis, the analysis catered to the affects to the company with the changes in the attitude and life-style of people. This will mean that the target market of the young crowd will keep influencing the strategies of the company.Technology is another significant analysis where it is evaluated that how the company is affected and influenced by the changing technology. Cherry coke was introduced in 1985 this was a result of the technological advancement.The impact that the order has on the company is examined through the sub judice analysis. wholly the inventions and the developments of the product have to go through proper patent procedure. This is done by the company and like any other sector it is required to meet the legal demands.Lastly, the environmental analysis is conducted which ascertains the issues. All the facilities of the company are consistently monitored and checked so as to meet the guidelines set by the government (tabishnehal)It is discovered that the company takes due care in guardianship a check and monitoring the external environment so as to keep up wi th the standards and avoid any prospective threats.Internal CapabilitiesThe analysis of internal capabilities assists in formulating better strategies. Once the internal analysis is done, the company is aware of the resources that are available and are under its aver (PremiumWritingService.com)The increase in the revenue of the company as analyzed with that in 2009 was $6.48 billion in 2010. The fall of the capital of Coca-Cola at that time was announced to be $72.929 billion. The company possesses various resources for it to sustain and grow as a leader in the production of soft drinks. We shall canvas these capabilities in terms of tangible and intangible asset resources (PremiumWritingService.com).While analyzing the tangible resources, we shall cover the financial, human and physical resources of the company that contributes towards its success. The physical resources establish of the equipments, infrastructure and the land and buildings. It has the set up units in all th e states and regions. Because these are self-owned, it keeps the cost of production low. The financial position of Coca-Cola is not hidden from anyone. It is amongst the largest companies and has a strong financial set up. It is thus easy for it to execute new ventures and innovations because the cost, if productive, is not a restriction. There is highly motivational work environment and thus the staff of the company. The company has worked towards the value of its workers through lot of trainings. The workers are because able to deliver quality and by the way work.The other aspect to look at the internal capabilities is the intangible resources of the company. These comprise of the goodwill, keen property and the technology advancement. The company has always had an edge over others through the technological expertise that it holds. It has economic aided the company to be able to introduce new products in the market which today are quite successful such as flavored drinks. On ce these products are discovered, they are patented by Coca-Cola and hence the company enjoys full right over the production of these drinks. The goodwill of the company is stupendous and gives an upper edge to it over any other company.DifferentiationThere have been lots of changes demonstrated by marketing mix of Coca Cola. Product The Company has almost 3300 products with a range of variety. determine The price of the products vary as per the geographical location and the market. Due to variety of products, most of the products have different pricing strategy. nonplus It is supplied in most of the parts of the world and is liked by all. It has a be after and effective network of distribution. Promotion There are many strategies pertaining to promotion and advertisement by Coca-Cola. The marketing mix is floated property in view the differentiation as per the product, service, channel, people and image. For the primary target market, the product differentiation is done b y keeping in mind the kind of soda that will be liked by this sector. The Service differentiation is as per the needs and requirements of the young crowd which has to be prompt. The images use in the products that are most apply by the youngsters are meant to be amiable and eye-catchingPositioningBy aligning it is meant the process of forming and embedding the image that the product has made in the mind of the customers as compared to the products of the competitors. umpteen companies make soft drinks these days. Although other companies may try to compete at the develop of Coca-Cola, they will be unable to touch the level of Coca Cola.Positioning assists in making the customers understand the unique value and image of the product, as compared with the products of the competitors. Coca Cola has plans in place to form such positions that will provide it with a lot of advantage pertaining to its different target markets.The status of Coca Cola has been based on the procedure o f positioning through manoeuvre comparison and it has been able to position its products to be able to place towards benefit of its target market. Most of the people in general, form an image of a product through putting a comparison with some another product. This is quite evident in the well known professional was between Coca-Cola and Pepsi in all the product domains. issue ChainThe add chain of Coca-Cola Company includes the company itself and nearly 300 bottling partners over the world. These bottling partners are not under direct control and supervision of the company.The entire supply system of Coca-Cola runs through mode of various local and national channels. The company is creditworthy for manufacturing and selling the concentrates of Coca-Cola, the beverage base of the drink and also the syrup to the bottling operators. It still is the owner of the brand and has the responsibility and accountability for brand marketing initiatives for the consumers. These bottling part ners then are knotted in manufacturing, packaging, merchandising and distributing the ultimate beverages to the sell and retail customers and also to the other vending partners. All of these further sell the products to final consumers.All of the bottling partners of Coca-Cola work in direct contact with the customers. These customers here refer to the frolic parks, convenience stores, grocery stores, street vendors, restaurants and impression theaters. These also help the Company to be able to execute many of the localised strategies which are planned and prepared in partnership with the bottling partners.Market ShareIn the year 2011, Coca Cola possess a market share of around 42% as against the 30% of Pepsis market share. With the launch of Diet Coke, Coca Cola was able to expand more and augment its earning and profit levels.Monitoring and ControlsMonitoring and controlling mechanism permits the companies to be able to check if there exists a class when the actual budget is compared with the projected budget. This is essential to be executed because it helps in advising and suggesting important and necessary actions to meet the set marketing objectives. There are three tools that have been implemented to assess the performance of the market plan put in place* Sales depth psychologyIn this sales analysis, the total sales affected is tough down to precisely explain the sales in each segment. This will help in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the plan in the small sections. The sellers of products of Coca Cola range from primary(prenominal) retail supermarkets to quite small stores at the corner of the street.* Market Share AnalysisIn this Market share analysis, the business sales of Coca Cola will be compared with the sales affected by its major competitors. Currently, Coca Cola is loss through lot of changes and hence aims to convalesce the similar control and old of the market as it used to have previously.* Marketing favorableness Anal ysisThe Marketing Profitability Analysis checks the cost involved and expended in marketing. Majorly, three ratios are put to use to be able to monitor and control the marketing profitability they include market research to sales ratio, the advertising to sales ratio and the last one being sales representatives to sales ratio. From the result of these ratios, Coca Cola can determine and gauge any of the emerging trends which may not be welcomed. These can be any variation such as the requirement of a different product altogether. When we compare these ratio results with the actual results it provides the company with an idea on when change should be brought. tributeAfter the research, there are a few recommendations proposed.These includeCoca-Cola has been a known name so far. Analyzing the responses and current situation, the major challenge faced by the companys soda pertains to the health issues and concerns.I believe that it is required to revisit the entire make of the soda and check it for any harmful products that can be taken off from the making. Also, there can be some additional nutritional or healthy attributes added to the drink.But all this will be required to be done with the taste of the soda not changing or changing negligibly. Coca Cola needs to consider a number of issues relating to the physical distribution of its soft drink products. A distinctive promotion and communion strategy can be incorporated. Since the value proposition of the company is uniqueness of soda, there should be communication done to demonstrate the distinct features. I believe this will give a sense of authorisation to the consumers that they are able to attain what has been promised to them. expirationAfter conducting research and framing the academic report, we have been able to understand the various strategies implemented and the areas of improvement for Coca-Cola. There are some opportunities as well identified which can be worked upon to gain a wider market.The entire research assisted in gaining knowledge and understanding the concept of marketing better. Also, it helped to understand the overall soft-drinks industry its strengths and weaknesses as well.ReferencesA., E. (2012, 09 04). 5 Tips for Developing Product Ranges by dint of Smart Market Research. Retrieved 01 31, 2013, from www.instant.ly http//www.instant.ly/blog/2012/09/5-tips-for-developing-product-ranges-through-smart-market-research/ Coca Colas mission, vision and values. (2010). Retrieved 01 31, 2013, from ww.coca-cola.co.uk http//www.coca-cola.co.uk/about-us/coca-cola-mission-vision-statement.html Coca-Cola Company. (2010, 02 26). Retrieved 01 31, 2013, from www.wikinvest.com http//www.wikinvest.com/ gillyflower/Coca-Cola_Company_(KO)/Objective History of Coca-Cola. (n.d.). Retrieved 01 31, 2013, from www.coca-cola.co.uk http//www.coca-cola.co.uk/about-us/history-of-coca-cola-company.html Monitoring system of coca-cola. (n.d.). Retrieved 01 31, 2013, from

Prescription Drug Abuse: a Growing Epidemic in the United States

Prescription do drugs evil A Growing epidemic in the unify States Prescription medicate offense and relate overdoses argon a major public wellness do that continues to stupefy each year. The field Institute on dose Ab practice explains ethical medicate medicate wickedness as the intentional use of a medicament without a prescription. (U. S. health and tender Services, 2011) Since prescription drugs atomic number 18 legal and readily prescribed to alleviate trouble oneself and suffering, it poses a big challenge to control them. some passel, oddly younger adults, feel that they atomic number 18 safer than illicit drugs because they potty be found in their family medicinal drug cabinet.Over the years, the number of sight ab apply these drugs has increased signifi keeptly. According to the boil down of Disease Control (CDC), in 2007 there were close to 27,000 unintentional drug overdose deaths in the unite States. ( tickers for Disease Control and pre vention, 2012) The use of prescription drugs continues to be the number one cause of these overdoses, much(prenominal) than heroin and cocaine combined. As collapse of the CDCs airfield, they inform that over a ten-year period, mingled with 1997 and 2007, the number of milligrams of prescription opioids prescribed per a person increased from 74 milligrams to 369 milligrams.In 2000, p psychic traumaacies dispensed 174-million opioid prescriptions and in 2009, it increased to 257 million prescriptions. These are both major contributors to prescription drug scream and overdoses due to the fact that prescription drugs are so easily available. As a result of this study, the CDC has classified prescription drug abuse as an epidemic. (executive fleck of the chairman of the United States, 2011) Prescription drug abuse spans across a wide range of universes. The preponderance of prescription drug abuse is higher among men, item-by-items between the terms of 18-64, non-Hispanic w hites, gain members, and poor, countrified populations.The highest graze of prescription drug abuse is by young adults between the ages of 18-25. (U. S. Health and human beings Services, 2011)) Of the individuals who describe non-medical prescription drug abuse, 70 part reported getting the prescription drugs from a friend or relative, 18 part reported getting it from one doctor, and less than 5 percent reported buying it from a drug head or stranger. (Executive might of the President of the United States, 2011) jr. adults are at higher risk for overdose because they beat a higher tendency to cock prescription drugs with intoxi bathroomt or some other illicit drugs. Multiple studies have revealed associations between prescription drug abuse and higher rates of cigarette smoking, menacing episodic drinking, and marijuana, cocaine, and other illicit drug use among adolescents, young adults, and college students in the United States. (U. S. Health and Human Services, 201 1) This results in numerous emergency room visits for this ill-tempered population. Between 2004 and 2009, the number of emergency room visits link up to non-medical use of prescription drugs nearly doubled. Executive persona of the President of the United States, 2011) Young adults are non the only population of prescription drug abusers that has move to increase over the years. In 2008, the Department of demurrer reported that one in nine active-duty service members reported prescription drug abuse. (Executive Office of the President of the United States, 2011) A study done by the Office of National dose Control indemnity found that approximately both million adults age 50 and older used prescription-type drugs non-medically in the former(prenominal) year. (Executive Office of the President of the United States, 2011) As you can see, the prescription drug abuse problem is not limited to a specific population. It effects people throughout their lifetime. Newspaper Article A modern denomination in the Boston Globe called antidote offers addicts families dissever of comfort Nasal spray ascribe with reversing more than 1,800 drug overdoses, talked some the diffusion of naloxone in the community as a panache to prevent an overdose. naloxone is an opiate antidote that can be given to someone who you suspect has overdosed.It can be administered intranasally or by injection. Massachusetts is one of the someer states that have implemented a Naloxone distribution plan. Beginning in 2006, Massachusettss health officials have been distributing Naloxone to individuals who are most probably to witness an overdose such as outreach workers, homeless person shelter employees, active drug users and family members. (Canaboy, 2013) The article goes on to talk near the effect the Naloxone political platforms have had in Massachusetts. In 2010, overdoses were responsible for 738 deaths in Massachusetts, which was doubly the number of motor-vehicle deaths. Canaboy, 2013) Studies have showed that the Naloxone programs have had a positive effect in the communities where it is distributed. There were in like manner positive results found in a study done in California by two agencies that implemented Overdose Prevention Programs using Naloxone. The rate of overdose deaths was reduced between 27 percent and 46 percent in the communities where Naloxone was distributed in 2009. (Canaboy, 2013) As shown by this article, drug overdoses continue to be a major public health anesthetize in communities throughout Massachusetts.With the help of programs like the Naloxone discussed in this article, there is hope that health officials and communities can work together to fight against it using harm reduction programs in conjunction with other discourse programs. muscular batch 2020 One of the topics for Healthy tidy sum 2020 is shopping center abuse. The goal of this topic is to reduce means abuse to protect the health, safety, and quality of life for all, especially children. (Healthy hatful 2020, 2012) Healthy People 2020 reported that 22 million Americans had drug or alcohol problems in 2005 and 95 percent of them were not even sensitive of their problem. Healthy People 2020, 2012) They also reported that 273,000 people who recognized they had a problem with drugs or alcohol were unsuccessful in obtaining discourse. Its reasons like this that Healthy People 2020 felt that substance abuse was an meaning(a) topic to focus on for the future. Under the substance abuse topic in Healthy People 2020 there are two specific objectives instantaneously cerebrate to prescription drug use. They state the undermentioned objective SA-12 reduce drug-induced deaths and SA-19 reduce the past-year nonmedical use of prescription drugs. (Healthy People 2020, 2012) Both these objectives are directly related to the issues discussed in the Boston Globe article and other initiatives that the Federal Government has outlined as part of their plan. breast feeding Diagnosis One of the NANDA diagnoses that relates to prescription drug abuse and overdoses is Ineffective Community Self-Health Management. Carpenito-Moyet describes this diagnosis as a pattern in which the community experiences or is at high risk to experience fuss integrating a program for prevention/ discussion of illness and the sequelae of illness and reduction of risk situations. (p. 28) This can be related to the Naloxone program discussed in the Boston Globe article and other treatment services in general. The article talks nigh how there are only a few states that have been willing to implement the Naloxone program. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) released a report on Prescription Drug Overdoses a U. S. Epidemic which talked about the National agenda to combat prescription drug abuse. In the report, it talked about how the public health onslaught need to include both secondary and ordinal prevention programs such as the Naloxone progra m discussed in the Boston Globe article. Executive Office of the President of the United States, 2011) There are on-line(prenominal) programs out there but individuals are not successful in accessing them for one reason or another. The CDCs report discussed the need to remove barriers to shake up treatment programs more accessible in the communities. The report stated, Office-based care can be less stigmatizing and more accessible to all patients, especially those residing in rural areas. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012) Another NANDA diagnosis that is related to prescription drug abuse and overdose is wanting(p) knowledge.This is defined by Carpenito-Moyet as, the state in which an individual or group experiences a deficiency in cognitive knowledge or psychomotor skills concerning the precondition or treatment plan. (p. 269) This is directly related to the prescription drug abuse and overdose problem in a number of ways. It applies to the individuals who are actively using drugs, the prescribers who are prescribing the drugs to individuals, and the community in general. The Office of National Drug Control Policy developed a plan to combat the prescription drug problem.In their report, Epidemic Responding to Americas Prescription Drug squall Crisis, they developed four major areas of focus, the first base organism education. The report stated that A crucial first step in tackling the problem of prescription drug abuse is to education parents, youth, and patients about the dangers of abusing prescription drugs darn requiring prescribers to receive training in the safe and enamor use of these drugs. (Executive Office of the President of the United States, 2011)Educating individuals about the dangers of prescription drugs is just as important or even more important than illicit drugs. People feel that prescription drugs arent as bighearted because a doctor prescribes them. Education is also needful for family members and community me mbers to be able to recognize the signs and symptoms of drug abuse or an overdose. The Boston Globe article talks about how part of the Naloxone program is to educate whomever it is getting the Naloxone how to recognize an overdose. Its important for them to know what signs to look for. ConclusionAs evidence by the Boston Globe article and multiple reports personate out by the federal government and polar state agencies, prescription drug abuse is a major public health issue that needs to be addressed. It needs to be addressed at all levels, starting with the federal governments drug policies and working down to the individuals who are abusing drugs. The population of individuals abusing prescription drugs varies for diametrical reasons. There needs to be more treatment and prevention programs available to the different populations that address the specific needs of each.There are real programs established, like the Naloxone, that are shown to work. We need to keep travel in th e right direction to implement and grow these types of programs in order to succeed in decrease the prescription drug abuse problem in the United States. Works Cited Canaboy, C. (2013, abut 2). Antidote offers addicts families sliver of comfort Nasal spray credited with reversing more than 1,800 drug overdoses. Boston Globe , p. A. 1. Carpenito-Moyet, L. (2008). Handbook of breast feeding Diagnosis (12th ed. ).Philadelphia, PA Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012, January 13). CDC cat valium Rounds Prescription Drug Overdoses a U. S. Epidemic. Retrieved March 3, 2013, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http//www. cdc. gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6101a3. htm Executive Office of the President of the United States. (2011, April). Prescription Drug malignment The discolor House. Retrieved March 3, 2013, from The White House http//www. whitehouse. gov/ondcp/prescription-drug-abuse Healthy People 2020. 2012, September 6). nu bble Abuse Healthy People. (U. S. Health and Human Services) Retrieved March 3, 2013, from Healthy People 2020 http//www. healthypeople. gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview. aspx? topicid=40 Lankenau, S. E. , Wagner, K. D. , Silva, K. , Kecojevic, A. , Iverson, E. , McNeely, M. , et al. (2012). shaft Drug Users Trained by Overdose Prevention Programs Responses to Witnessed Overdoses. Journal of Community Health , 38, 133-141. Stanhope, RN, DSN, FAAN, M. , & Lancaster, RN, Ph. D, FAAN, J. (2012).Public Health Nursing Population-Centered Health Care in the Community (8th ed. ). physician Heights, MS Elsevier, Inc. U. S. Health and Human Services. (2011, December). Prescription Drug Abuse. Retrieved March 3, 2013, from National Institute on Drug Abuse http//www. drugabuse. gov/publications/topics-in-brief/prescription-drug-abuse U. S. Health and Human Services. (2011, October). Prescription Drugs Abuse and Addiction. Retrieved March 3, 2013, from National Institute of Health http //www. drugabuse. gov/publications/research-reports/prescription-drugs