Stereotype and Prejudice Marjorie Free Essays

Title: Prejudice Prejudice Marjorie W. Davis PSY/285 February 28, 2012 Michael Ford Abstract Our discussion is about how does society confirm prejudicial attitudes? How does ones social identity contribute to prejudice? How do emotions encourage prejudicial attitudes? What cognitive processes influence prejudice? Our text has explained competition; competition is an important source of frustration that can fuel prejudice. When two groups compete for jobs, housing, or social prestige, one group’s goal fulfillment can become the other group’s frustration. We will write a custom essay sample on Stereotype and Prejudice Marjorie or any similar topic only for you Order Now Prejudice Society confirms prejudice by what you possess and how much money you have. If you are not in a certain bracket such as (high class or middle class), you are considered poor. Prejudice helps justify the economic and social superiority of those who have wealth and power. Of course they will not give a chance at credit to buy a house, car, or start a business. Society, also confirm prejudice by the way you dress or the car you drive. Society confirms prejudicial attitude by focusing on personal individuality and Independence, as opposed to becoming a team with neighbors and friends. I am so glad that God looks at the heart and man looks at the outer appearance. One’s social identity contributes base on a realization of limited environmental control. The more you believe that you can impact your environment or social status, the less roll social identity plays Emotions really affect prejudicial attitudes because most of the time people make decisions based on their emotions. Emotions of fear and sadness or joy and gladness, which can cause you to project feelings in a hurtful way, rather than in a helpful manner Cognitive process influence prejudice through stereotyping, which cause prejudice. This can be a result of the normal ways in which we simplify and organize the world. Stereotypes are the social scripts we have in our heads about others and the roles we believe they should play in our socially constructed world. It is important to have the understanding of the basic concepts of prejudice and racism, and how to lessen their destructive effect (Rosado,  1995-2012). Reference Rosado, C. (1995-2012). Critical Multicultral Pavilion Research Room. Retrieved from http://www. edchange,org/multicultral/papers/caleb/racism. html How to cite Stereotype and Prejudice Marjorie, Essay examples

Corporation Law in Australia

Question 1: Cotton Limited holds 89.5% of the shares in Satin Co Limited. The remaining shares are held by Silk and several other small investors. The Board of Satin wants the company to become a wholly owned subsidiary of Cotton Limited as they expect this will result in both taxation benefits and a saving on accounting fees and administration charges of about $230,000. Cotton Limited offers to buy the shares held by Silk and other minority members but they refuse. Arrangements are made to hold a members meeting to pass a resolution changing the constitution of Satin by inserting a new clause 53 any member entitled to 80% or more of the issued shares may compulsorily acquire all the remaining shares. Silk and other minority members receive written notice of the company meeting together with a proxy form and a valuation certificate stating the shares were worth $2.50 each. Although the offer is fair Silk does not want to sell her shares and wants to start legal action to prevent the proposed alt eration to the constitution. Discuss whether she may succeed in her action. Would your answer be different if the real reason for compulsorily acquiring the shares from Silk was that she discovered operating a business in competition with Satin Co and was using information gained as a member to take away some of Satins business? Answer 2: The Constitution of the company and the replaceable rules applying to such a company are considered as a contract that exists between the company and its members as well as a contract present between the company and its directors and the company secretary. At the same time, the Constitution of the company can also be considered as a contract existing between a member of the company and all other members. According to this contract, each person agreed to abide by as well as perform in accordance with the Constitution of the company and the replaceable rules that apply in such a case. As a result, from the very beginning, a shareholder agreement is present between all the shareholders related with the matters that have been mentioned in the Constitution of the company and also regarding the replaceable rules applying to the company. In this way, any modification or displacement results in a contractual variation and as a result, the shareholders can sue for any breach of contract by th e company or by other shareholders. The shareholder agreement can be resorted to in order to do several things. However the most common things are the maintenance of status quo (balance of power), maintaining the particular structure, dealing with succession issues, providing compulsory acquisition of shares in some cases and trying to clarify the role of management as compared to the shareholders. Generally, it has been seen that almost at all levels of authority, the rule which prevails is the role of majority therefore, the main purpose of shareholder agreement is to prevent any excesses that may be committed by the majority. Shareholder agreements have been accepted by the courts as being facilitators of small groups of investors in helping to avoid the consequences of the general principle of the majority rule. The meaning of the term, controlling majority is that the majority members, who generally comprise the majority shareholders or the persons having the ability to control the company by voting rights. As a result, these members are known as the controlling members. However, it is the duty of the controlling members to consider the interests of the minority members of the company as well. For example, the Court has stated in Allen v Gold Reefs of West Africa Ltd.that the power to alter company's Constitution can be exercised by the majority members in the general meeting only for the benefit of the whole company and also by considering the interests of the minority shareholders also. On the other hand, the court adopted somewhat different approach Gambotto v W.C.P. Ltd.when it was stated by the cou rt that the Constitution of the company can be altered by the members who are in majority however it is required that these alterations it should not be oppressive nature or should not go beyond the contemplative purpose of powers that have been defined in the company's Constitution. Another significant example that can be used to explain the basic concept of the rights of the minority shareholders is the case titled Cook v Deek. This case explains the remedies that are available to the minority shareholders if the directors of the company have breached their fiduciary duties and if the directors have diverted a corporate opportunity towards themselves or their associates. There is a common law duty of the controlling members towards the minority members and that was established by the court in Allen v Gold Reefs of West Africa (1900). As a result, while passing resolutions in the general meetings, certain fiduciary duties are owed by the majority members towards the minority members. In this regard, it is required that the majority members should exercise their powers bona fide and for the benefit of the whole of the company which includes all the members of the company. On the other hand if the personal rights of the members of the company are infringed, such members can take action under the common law as well as under the Constitution of the company and the replaceable rules that apply to the company. At the same time, such members can also take action under the Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth) and any separate contract that may be present between the members and the company. When an attempt is made to ask an ordinary resolution in the general meeting, where it is required by the Constitution of the company or by the Corporations Act that the passing of a special resolution may result in a procedural irregularity and therefore, it can be considered as invalid if it has caused substantial injustice. On the basis of the above mentioned discussion, it can be set in the present case that an attempt is being made by the majority to amend the Constitution of the company by inserting a new clause that provides a power to the member who controls 80% or more shares of the company to acquire compulsorily all the other shares of the company. In this way, if Silk and other minority members of the company can establish that the action taken by Cotton Limited is not bona fide and it amounts to oppressive conduct, Silk and other minority members of the company can take action under the Corporations Act as well as under the common law. These members can succeed in the action if they are able to establish that the action taken by the majority is oppressive for them. Question 2: Polyester is a director of Style Pty. Limited involved in making womens clothing. Has she breached any duties under the Corporation Act in the following situations? Situation 1. She arranges with the companys bank to transfer an amount of $65,000 from the company account into a personal bank account held by her in her own name. She uses the funds to finalise some outstanding personal debts. Situation 2. As a director she receives information that the company is in a serious financial position. She arranges to transfer a larger amount of the assets of the company over a new proprietary company that she formed with the intention of caring on the same business. Situation 3. Contrary to a resolution of the Board and notwithstanding established business practice that limits credit to $20,000 she allows a trade debtor (who has a history of bad debts) to exceed its credit limits by $25,000. The debtor fails to pay the outstanding amount of $45,000. Can she rely on the business judgment rule in this situation? Answer 2: Situation A: it appears in the present case that several fiduciary duties have been breached by Polyester. These duties included the duty to avoid conflict of interest, duty not to make secret profit and the duty of the director of the company not to seek personal benefits. At the same time, it can also be said that Polyester has acted for an improper purpose because she was motivated by the desire to derive personal benefit and at the same time, cause a detriment to the company. In this regard, the law provides that the directors of companies should not use the property of the company for their personal gain. Whenever the property of the company is used by a director for personal use without the permission of the company, the fiduciary duty of the director is breached. It needs to be noted at this point that for the purpose of this rule, the trade secrets as well as the intellectual property of the company are included in the term property. At the same time, the directors of the com panies have also been restrained from making secret profits. In this regard sections 181, 182 and 183 of the Corporations Act prescribed statutory provisions that are equivalent to the fiduciary duties of the directors to act in good faith, for a proper purpose and in the best interests of the company and at the same time to avoid conflict of interest and make no secret profits. Situation B: all the directors of companies are required to act in good faith and in the interests of the company. Similarly, the directors should take for proper purpose and at the same time avoid any conflicts of interest. Similarly, the directors should use discretion while performing the business of the company. Like the partners, trustees and agents, the directors of the company also owe fiduciary duties towards the person who can be easily harmed and is vulnerable.In the same way, it is also the fiduciary duty of the directors of companies not to make a secret profit and act for proper purpose. On the other hand, in the present situation, this city has been violated by Polyester when a large number of assets of the company were transferred by her when the company was facing financial difficulties. She transferred these assets to a new proprietary company that was owned by Polyester and as a result, it can be said that she had breached her duties as the director of the company. Situation C: The duty to act with care and diligence while performing companies business has also been imposed on the directors. The basic test that can be used in such a case was provided by the court in City Equitable Fire Insurance Co Ltd. Therefore, the court stated in this case that the directors of the company are required to exercise the degree of skill and diligence that amounts to reasonable care that can be expected from any ordinary person under same circumstances if the business was owned by such a person. However in this regard, it needs to be noted that the test provided in this case was only a subjective test added to relied on the individual knowledge, skill and experience of the directors. As a result, an objective test was introduced by the Corporations Act, 2001. In the same way, the more the duty of care and diligence of the directors of the companies has undergone a change made the change that took place in the expectations of corporate responsibility. For exampl e, in the present case, Polyester had acted against the resolution of the board as well as contrary to the established business practice when she allowed the debtor to exceed the credit limit by $25,000. At the same time, Polyester cannot rely on the business judgment rule as provided by the Corporations Act, 2001 in section 180(2) as a defense that is available to the officers of the company if they are complying with their duties mentioned in section 180(1) in case the below mentioned conditions are satisfied. Therefore, it is required that the business judgment should have been made in good faith and for proper purpose. It is also require that the officer should not have any material personal interest in it. Similarly the officer is also required to inform himself or herself regarding the subject matter as well as it is also required that they should rationally believe that their judgment is in the best interests of the company. Due to the reason that these conditions were not satisfied in the present case, Polyester cannot rely on the business judgment rule. References Cassidy J, (2000) Divergence of Duty of Care in United States and Australia 28 Australian Business Law Review 180 Goldman D, (2005) Directors Beware! Creditor protection from insolvent trading 23 Company and Securities Law Journal 216 Kirby J, (2004) The History and Development of the Conflict and Profit Rules in Corporate Law A Review 22 Company and Securities Law Journal 259 Sivehla J, (2006) Directors Fiduciary Duties 27 Australian Bar Review 192 Case Law Allen v Gold Reefs of West Africa Ltd (1900) 1 Ch 656 City Equitable Fire Insurance Co Ltd [1925] Ch 407 Cook v Deek (1916) AC 554 Gambotto v WCP Ltd (1995) 13 ACLC 342

Superman and Me Essay Example

Superman and Me Paper Sherman Alexie, Superman and Me In Sherman Alexies essay, Superman and Me, he uses repetition and extended metaphors to transition from a personal to social level as he illustrates his poor childhood, and how reading saves his and others lives. The essay is introduced with the Superman comic books that taught Alexie how to read. He uses the repetition of l cannot recall to explain that he does not recall the exact details of what he read but the idea of reading. He then contrasts this by stating what he can remember being a Spokane Indian boy living with his family on the Spokane Indian Reservation. This contrast is continued by emphasizing that his amily was poor by most standards and that they lived on irregular paychecks, hope, fear, and government surplus food. This creates more insight into Alexies childhood and situation. The comparison between the Superman comic books and Alexies family draws attention to his love for reading, although his family could barely afford books for him. The following paragraph go es further into depth about how Alexies acquired his love for reading and how that affected the way he saw the world. He, again, uses repetition to illustrate the vast library of books he read, bought, and the amount that could be found all around his home. For instance, he read books such as westerns, spy thrillers, murder mysteries and anything else he could find. This continues to develop his love for reading because it shows he would read all that he could Just to read. Alexie also reveals this love through his familys poor situation. When he had extra money, he bought new novels. This creates compassion and devotion because, although his family did not have money, they made sure their education and knowledge came first. We will write a custom essay sample on Superman and Me specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Superman and Me specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Superman and Me specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Following this Alexie explains how, based on reading, his devotion started to change the way he understood his surroundings. He began seeing paragraphs as fences that held words and that they worked together for a common purpose. He connected that to his own life. For example, he saw his familys house was a paragraph different from the other houses surrounding his. The repetition of paragraph emphasizes that, with everything he saw, he could connect it to what he learned from reading. He then begins to make connections towards the Superman comic book. Although Alexie did not understand what he was reading, he managed to see the context of the comic book through each panel, complete with picture, dialogue, and narrative. Alexie repeats Superman is breaking down the door multiple times and follows this by l am breaking down the door to compare Superman to himself. This suggests that he saw himself in Superman and that he, too, could overcome his battles, such as the Indian stereotypes that label him. The shift allows Alexie to elaborate on how the Native Americans view education and how he broke away from their views. He begins by stating that a smart Indian is a dangerous person, widely feared and ridiculed by Indians and non-lndians alike to signify that Alexie felt he was different from other Indians. He discusses the many stereotypes that were labeled to Indians, such as struggling with basic reading or expecting to fail in the non-lndian world. In this paragraph, he uses the pronoun they multlple tlmes to separate himself from the other Indian classmates. He continues this repetition to categorize his other Indian classmates into one completely separate from himself. In comparison to Superman, Alexie did not want to be seen as one of the Indians and brought down by the low expectations the non- Indian world gave him but the peek of the pronoun we shows that Alexie was, onetheless, still labeled as an Indian. Alexie was stereotypes as an Indian, but he did not allow that to stop him. He fought, similar to Superman, for the chance to break down the barrier he was faced with. Much like that rest of his essay, he continues the use of repetition to emphasize the separation between himself and the other Indians. He uses l to show his separation into his own individuality. He states that l refused to fail. I was smart. I was arrogant. I was lucky to criticize the other Indians but to show that he was able to rise above the expectations of the Non-lndian world. Alexies love for books came from the need and necessity for it in his life, so it became surprising to him when he became a writer himself. He writes novels, short stories, and poems but that was something that Indians were ever taught. Writing was something beyond Indians. It was something not expected of them or certainly not something the Non-lndian world saw they were capable of doing. Alexie then discusses how, although he never had visiting teachers teach him how to write, he tries to visit the schools as often as possible to try and save their lives like Superman. He explains the two types of students he encounters: the ones willing to learn and the ones who sit in the back rows and ignore him. Although the second type fits into the Indian stereotype, Alexie refuses to let that define them. He pushes against their locked doors to show that he is like Superman and is devoted to not letting their stereotypes define them. He is trying to save their lives. In conclusion, Alexies use of repetition and extended metaphors to show transition from a poor Indian boy to a Superman-like hero enables him to successfully emphasize the importance of reading and education in ones life.

Tolerance essays

Tolerance essays Tolrance is the symapthy or indulgence for beliefs or practices differing from or conflicting with ones oown beliefs. Intolerance has been going on, all throughout time. Beliefs, religions, races, and even physical appearance all have intolerance twards them. Different races and skin colors have intolerace against them. Some people dont like others, just because they look different, or have a different skin color. They sometimes hate them, even though they dont know the person. They usually get this from their parents, or people who they grew up around. They are called perjudice. Adlof Hitler could not tolerate Jews. He thoughjt they were the worst thing ever. He wanted to kill them all. Everyone that didnt obey him, or follow what he stood for, he didnt like. He would probably kill them too. He didnt care about what other people though about him. He just wanted to elimiate the Jews. ...

Britain of evacuation in World War Two Essay Example for Free

Britain of evacuation in World War Two Essay During the course of World War Two, many people were evacuated, not just children. There were many differing reactions to evacuation. The reaction would depend on the experience you had. Reactions would also change over time during the war and even after the war had finished. One set of people affected by Evacuation was the Children. Many children did not know where they were going and therefore experienced feelings of fear and anger. The children disliked being separated from their parents but put on brave faces so not worry their families. When the children arrived at their destination, they were taken to school halls of town meeting places where the were chosen by their â€Å"foster† families, which they disliked because often they were split from their sisters and brothers. If they had negative attitudes, they very often did not settle quickly like those who had positive attitudes and would see their stay as a holiday. If an evacuee had a positive experience, they would have pleasant memories of being treated as one of the family. Evacuation was described as â€Å"no better than a ‘paedophile’s charter’ † as it would have been easier to abuse children away from home. However, in a study of 450 ex-evacuees, only 12% of them had bad experiences. Michael Caine remembers being evacuated with his brother Clarence. He said † My brother used to went the bed when he was nervous. My foster mother could not figure out who it was so she beat both of us, and Clarence became more nervous and wet the bed more. † However, not all experiences were bad. On ex-evacuees remembers being given clothes when he was evacuated. A child’s reaction to evacuation would depend on their experiences while in care. Another set of people who were affected by evacuation was the children’s parents. Most parents were reluctant to send their children away but agreed because of propaganda. Not all parents sent their children away though. Some parents thought that their children were safe in their family home. However, most parents brought their children home due to the ‘phoney ‘ war. But the children were evacuated again when the Blitz happened, although the scale of evacuation was not as large as the first wave in September 1939. Thanks to the Blitz, many parents changed their opinions on evacuation, now agreeing that it was probably best for their children. Britain of evacuation in World War Two. (2017, Oct 11).

I Am the Good Shepherd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

I Am the Good Shepherd - Essay Example In response Jesus passed judgment on the Pharisees and on the temple itself. Later Jesus and his disciples see a man who was blind from birth. When the disciples asked Jesus if it was the sins of this man or his parents that made this man blind, Jesus responded by saying that neither of this was the case and that this man was born blind so that God’s works might be displayed in him (Jn 9:3). Jesus then restores the sight of this man, thereby giving a sign that bears witness to his claim of being the light of the world. This sign pointed to something beyond itself to reveal who and what Jesus was and what he habitually did (Morris 1989). The Pharisees however condemn this act and state that this man was born in sin (Jn 9:34) which was in complete opposition to what Jesus had said that neither this man nor his parents sinned. They continued to question the man who was healed from his blindness about the manner in which Jesus healed him and tried to disprove that Jesus was sent f rom God. The Pharisees then threw out the blind man from the temple whom Christ had healed (Jn 9:34). Hearing about these discussions Jesus condemns the Pharisees and accused them of being spiritually blind – a condition that is far worse than being physically blind. In John 10 Jesus puts the events of John 9 into perspective by stating that He is the good shepherd who is willing to lay down his life for His sheep. Jesus calls himself as the good shepherd who operates with love and compassion to meet the needs of people and contrasts it with the Pharisees whom he identifies as the evil shepherds who have consistently worked to scatter the sheep of God by their rigid religious rules and regulations, preventing people from encountering the love of God. Jesus separates himself from religious teachers as he invites people to enter into a deep personal relationship with Him as the chief shepherd who takes care of their needs and lays down His life for their eternal salvation (Whit acre 1999) In John 10, Jesus portrays a scene from the village where shepherds take care of their sheep to illustrate the relationship He has with His children. The shepherd has a distinct voice and calls each sheep by its name, which the sheep are familiar with. On hearing this call the sheep can easily separate themselves from the rest of the flocks and follow their shepherd. The sheep respond only to the voice of their shepherd who typically walks ahead of the flock, guiding them to green pastures and protecting them from any possible danger. Jesus says that He knows His sheep and His sheep know Him (Jn 10:14). He also contrasts the good shepherd who promises a life of abundance with the thieves and robbers who are out to steal, kill and destroy the sheep (Jn 10:7). He goes on to contrast the good shepherd who will risk his life to protect his sheep with a hired man who would leave the sheep behind and run away when a wolf comes to attack because he does not care about them (Jn 1 0:12-13). In the Old Testament, leaders like Moses and David were often referred to as shepherds. Ps 77:20 records that â€Å"you led your people like a flock by the hand of Moses and Aaron†. Again, in Ps 78:70-72 and Ez 34: 23 David is referred to as a shepherd who tended the people of Israel with integrity of heart and skillful hands. Ps 23 is one of the well known scriptures in the entire Bible which portrays the image of

Information System. Information systems have changed the way we Essay

Information System. Information systems have changed the way we collaborate and work in significant ways. Critically discuss th - Essay Example It has been far too long since people have acknowledged that the wired or networked world is revolutionizing business. This phenomenon has paved the way for organisations to better communicate with their market and all the stakeholders involved in the production and selling of goods and services. In a nutshell, companies use technology and electronic mediation not just to reach out to its consumers and suppliers but also to automate back-office tasks and industrial operations while pushing ahead with research and development. An important product of this technological development is the design of information systems or knowledge management systems where information are collected and stored to be used in decision making for overall organisational improvement (Stahl, p. 113). The efficacy of these systems is underpinned by the argument that they play a significant role in social processes and influences people, institutions and groups. Theoretical Framework Information system is not a novel concept. As a matter of fact, theorists cite it as an inherent feature of human development. More specifically, it is considered as one of the driving factors why societies develop. Wright (2007, pp.46) pointed out that information systems are already in existence even before the stylus or the clay tablet was invented. There is supposedly a mutually reinforcing relationship between society and culture, where the former creates the latter and the latter creates the former in the process (Wright, p.46). As human beings formed social bonds, a steady stream of symbols representing relationships, interactions, and ideas among other cultural and social artefacts emerge. These are the information systems of old. Wright identified folk taxonomies, mythological systems and preliterate symbolisms as examples of ancient information systems that led us to the brink of literate culture (p.46). Indeed, Headrick (2000, pp.32) argued that without it, Charles Darwin’s Origin of the Spec ies could not have been conceived because IS, as an organisational system, depicted society with its mediated information culture. The general theory is that information systems are formed when they organize themselves as new information emerge and assimilated (Wildermuth, 2008, pp.42). As demonstrated by Wright and the works of theorists such as Darwin, IS is inextricably linked to social development. It evolves with it as information flows, created and assimilated. Brown and Duguid (2000) stressed that information technology today would never be effective if it is not grounded on social life. Otherwise, IS, as an information-driven technology, is expected to lead in a so-called â€Å"tunnel vision†. The idea is that knowledge emerges out of numerous and interlinked variables such as those forces of content, context and community (Stahl, pp.113). These underpin the position that an information system has a sociological character, hence, must be treated as such. Based on the theories, it is easy to understand how modern information systems efficiently work in conditions that feature social processes. This is true in the case of organisations. In a bureaucracy, for instance, which is typified by rules and its unbending and rigid orientation, system orientation adapt and come to reflect the type of bureaucratic